Editing Economy of Russia (section)

==Sectors==

===Primary===

====Energy====
{{Main|Energy in Russia}}
{{See also|List of countries by natural gas proven reserves|List of countries by natural gas exports|List of countries by oil exports|Russia in the European energy sector}}
[[File:RF NG pipestoEU.gif|thumb|Until 2022 Russia was a key [[petroleum|oil]] and [[natural gas|gas]] supplier to much of Europe.]]
[[File:Moscow, Sofiyskaya embankment.jpg|thumb|[[Rosneft]] headquarters on the bank of the [[Moskva River]], Moscow]]

The mineral-packed [[Ural Mountains]] and the vast [[fossil fuel]] (oil, gas, [[Coal in Russia|coal]]), and timber reserves of [[Siberia]] and the [[Russian Far East]] make Russia rich in natural resources, which dominate Russian exports. Oil and gas exports, specifically, continue to be the main source of [[hard currency]].

Russia has been widely described as an [[energy superpower]];<ref name=":0" /> as it has the world's largest [[List of countries by natural gas proven reserves|natural gas reserves]],<ref name="gaz"/> the second-largest [[coal reserves]],<ref name=":2" /> the eighth-largest [[oil reserves]],<ref name=":3" /> and the largest [[oil shale reserves]] in Europe.<ref name=":4" /> It is the world's [[List of countries by natural gas exports|leading natural gas exporter]],<ref name=":5" /> the [[List of countries by natural gas production|second-largest natural gas producer]],<ref name=":6" /> the second-largest oil [[List of countries by oil exports|exporter]]<ref name=":7" /> and [[List of countries by oil production|producer]],<ref name=":8" /> and the third largest coal exporter.<ref name="Energy Research 2023"/> Fossil fuels cause most of the [[greenhouse gas emissions by Russia]].<ref>{{Cite web|title=Russia: greenhouse gas emissions by sector|url=https://www.statista.com/statistics/1048675/greenhouse-gas-emissions-by-sector-russia/|access-date=3 December 2020|website=Statista|language=en|archive-date=15 December 2020|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201215183811/https://www.statista.com/statistics/1048675/greenhouse-gas-emissions-by-sector-russia/|url-status=live}}</ref> The country is the world's fourth-largest [[electricity producer]],<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.cia.gov/the-world-factbook/field/electricity-production/country-comparison|title=Electricity – production|work=[[CIA World Factbook]]|publisher=[[Central Intelligence Agency]]|access-date=2 July 2021|archive-date=31 March 2022|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220331093053/https://www.cia.gov/the-world-factbook/field/electricity-production/country-comparison|url-status=dead}}</ref> and the ninth-largest [[renewable energy producer]] in 2019.<ref>{{Cite book|last1=Whiteman|first1=Adrian|last2=Rueda|first2=Sonia|last3=Akande|first3=Dennis|last4=Elhassan|first4=Nazik|last5=Escamilla|first5=Gerardo|last6=Arkhipova|first6=Iana|date=March 2020|title=Renewable capacity statistics 2020|url=https://www.irena.org/-/media/Files/IRENA/Agency/Publication/2020/Mar/IRENA_RE_Capacity_Statistics_2020.pdf|access-date=8 November 2020|publisher=[[International Renewable Energy Agency]]|page=3|location=Abu Dhabi|isbn=978-92-9260-239-0|archive-date=26 March 2023|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230326013733/https://www.irena.org/-/media/Files/IRENA/Agency/Publication/2020/Mar/IRENA_RE_Capacity_Statistics_2020.pdf|url-status=live}}</ref> Russia was also the world's first country to develop civilian nuclear power, and built the world's [[Obninsk Nuclear Power Plant|first nuclear power plant]].<ref>{{cite magazine|url=https://www.wired.com/2012/06/june-27-1954-worlds-first-nuclear-power-plant-opens/|title=June 27, 1954: World's First Nuclear Power Plant Opens|magazine=[[Wired (magazine)|Wired]]|first=Tony|last=Long|quote="1954: The first nuclear power plant to be connected to an external grid goes operational in [[Obninsk]], outside of Moscow... The nuclear reactor, used to generate electricity, heralded Obninsk's new role as a major Soviet scientific city, a status it retains in the Russian Federation where it carries the sobriquet of First Russian Science City."|date=27 June 2012|access-date=8 June 2021|archive-date=17 October 2022|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20221017133814/https://www.wired.com/2012/06/june-27-1954-worlds-first-nuclear-power-plant-opens/|url-status=live}}</ref> In 2019, It was the world's fourth-largest [[Nuclear power by country|nuclear energy producer]].<ref>{{Cite web|date=October 2020|title=Nuclear Power Today|url=https://www.world-nuclear.org/information-library/current-and-future-generation/nuclear-power-in-the-world-today.aspx|access-date=8 November 2020|website=www.world-nuclear.org|publisher=[[World Nuclear Association]]|archive-date=16 July 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210716094103/https://www.world-nuclear.org/information-library/current-and-future-generation/nuclear-power-in-the-world-today.aspx|url-status=live}}</ref> After the collapse of the Soviet Union, the Russian state nuclear conglomerate Rosatom became the dominant actor in international nuclear power markets, training experts, constructing nuclear power plants, supplying fuel and taking care of spent fuel in around the world.<ref name=":10">{{Cite journal |last1=Szulecki |first1=Kacper |last2=Overland |first2=Indra |date=April 2023 |title=Russian nuclear energy diplomacy and its implications for energy security in the context of the war in Ukraine |journal=Nature Energy |language=en |volume=8 |issue=4 |pages=413–421 |doi=10.1038/s41560-023-01228-5 |bibcode=2023NatEn...8..413S |issn=2058-7546|doi-access=free |hdl=11250/3106595 |hdl-access=free }}</ref> Whereas oil and gas were subject to international sanctions after Russia's full-scale invasion of Ukraine in February 2023, its nuclear industry was not targeted by sanctions.<ref name=":10" />

In the mid-2000s, the share of the oil and gas sector in GDP was around 20%, and in 2013 it was 20–21% of GDP.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.kommersant.ru/doc/2594003|title=Нефть со всеми вытекающими|date=27 October 2014|website=www.kommersant.ru|access-date=19 June 2023|archive-date=23 September 2023|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230923054551/https://www.kommersant.ru/doc/2594003|url-status=live}}</ref> The share of oil and gas in Russia's exports (about 50%) and federal budget revenues (about 50%) is large, and the dynamics of Russia's GDP are highly dependent on oil and gas prices,<ref>https://carnegiemoscow.org/commentary/61272 {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230514233219/https://carnegiemoscow.org/commentary/61272 |date=14 May 2023 }} {{bare URL inline|date=February 2024}}</ref> but the share in GDP is much less than 50%. According to the first such comprehensive assessment published by the Russian statistics agency Rosstat in 2021, the maximum total share of the oil and gas sector in Russia's GDP, including extraction, refining, transport, sale of oil and gas, all goods and services used, and all supporting activities, amounts to 16.9% in 2017, 21.1% in 2018, 19.2% in 2019 and 15.2% in 2020. To compare the data obtained using the same methodology, the source provides data for other countries. This is more than the share of GDP in the United States (8%) and Canada (less 10%). This is comparable to the share of GDP in Norway (14%) and Kazakhstan (13.3%). It is much lower than the share of GDP in the United Arab Emirates (30%) and Saudi Arabia (50%). This assessment did not include, for example, the production of used pumps or specialized education, which should have been included, according to experts.<ref>https://rosstat.gov.ru/storage/mediabank/1b5RpebS/Maximov-tezisy.pdf {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231011115554/http://rosstat.gov.ru/storage/mediabank/1b5RpebS/Maximov-tezisy.pdf |date=11 October 2023 }} {{bare URL PDF|date=February 2024}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.rbc.ru/economics/13/07/2021/60ec40d39a7947f74aeb2aae|title=Росстат впервые рассчитал долю нефти и газа в российском ВВП|website=РБК|date=13 July 2021|access-date=19 June 2023|archive-date=19 August 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210819213024/https://www.rbc.ru/economics/13/07/2021/60ec40d39a7947f74aeb2aae|url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=https://neftegazru.com/news/economics-markets-stocks/688594-oil-gas-share-of-russia-s-gdp-dropped-to-15-in-2020/|title=Oil & gas share of Russia's GDP dropped to 15% in 2020|website=neftegazru.com|date=14 July 2021|access-date=19 June 2023|archive-date=9 July 2023|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230709172407/https://neftegazru.com/news/economics-markets-stocks/688594-oil-gas-share-of-russia-s-gdp-dropped-to-15-in-2020/|url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=https://norvanreports.com/oil-gas-share-of-russias-gdp-dropped-to-15-in-2020/|title=Oil & gas share of Russia's GDP dropped to 15% in 2020 &#124; NORVANREPORTS.COM &#124; Business News, Insurance, Taxation, Oil & Gas, Maritime News, Ghana, Africa, World|date=14 July 2021|access-date=19 June 2023|archive-date=9 July 2023|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230709183316/https://norvanreports.com/oil-gas-share-of-russias-gdp-dropped-to-15-in-2020/|url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=https://oilprice.com/Latest-Energy-News/World-News/Oil-Gas-Share-Of-Russias-GDP-Dropped-To-15-In-2020.html|title=Oil & Gas Share Of Russia's GDP Dropped To 15% In 2020|website=OilPrice.com|access-date=19 June 2023|archive-date=6 May 2023|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230506093930/https://oilprice.com/Latest-Energy-News/World-News/Oil-Gas-Share-Of-Russias-GDP-Dropped-To-15-In-2020.html|url-status=live}}</ref> Russia consumes domestically two-thirds of its gas production and a quarter of its oil production while it sells three-quarters of its oil on the world market and Russia's share of the traded world oil market is 17.5% - more than Saudi Arabia's.<ref>{{cite web | url=https://ngs55.ru/text/economics/2022/03/12/70503305/ | title=Что происходит с российской нефтью и газом? Разбираемся вместе с экспертами | date=12 March 2022 | access-date=19 June 2023 | archive-date=18 June 2023 | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230618155011/https://ngs55.ru/text/economics/2022/03/12/70503305/ | url-status=live }}</ref><ref>{{cite news | url=https://www.svoboda.org/a/lishitj-putina-vozmozhnosti-vesti-voynu-/32015884.html | title="Лишить Путина возможности вести войну" | newspaper=Радио Свобода | date=7 September 2022 | access-date=19 June 2023 | archive-date=18 June 2023 | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230618185825/https://www.svoboda.org/a/lishitj-putina-vozmozhnosti-vesti-voynu-/32015884.html | url-status=live }}</ref> At the same time, experts note that there are formal and informal part of the rent and the total oil and gas rent in 2023 can be estimated at 24% of Russia's GDP. Michael Alexeyev (son of [[Lyudmila Alexeyeva]]), a professor of economics at [[Indiana University]], notes that the oil and gas taxes reported by the government do not include corporate dividends and the so-called indirect or additional revenues derived from the expenditure of oil and gas rents in the economy.<ref>{{cite web | url=https://vpost-media.ru/opinions/kakuyu-rol-neft-i-gaz-igrayut-v-gosudarstvennom-byudzhete-i-ekonomike | title=Какую роль нефть и газ играют в государственном бюджете и экономике | date=25 October 2022 | access-date=19 June 2023 | archive-date=18 June 2023 | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230618185825/https://vpost-media.ru/opinions/kakuyu-rol-neft-i-gaz-igrayut-v-gosudarstvennom-byudzhete-i-ekonomike | url-status=live }}</ref> There is also such an indicator as the oil rent (% of GDP), which is published by the World Bank. It is 9.7% for Russia, 14.8% for Kazakhstan, 6.1% for Norway, 23.7% for Saudi Arabia, 15.7% for the United Arab Emirates, 2.8% for Canada and 0.6% for the United States.<ref>{{cite web | url=https://data.worldbank.org/indicator/NY.GDP.PETR.RT.ZS?most_recent_value_desc=true&locations=RU | title=World Bank Open Data | access-date=4 January 2024 | archive-date=4 January 2024 | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240104153550/https://data.worldbank.org/indicator/NY.GDP.PETR.RT.ZS?most_recent_value_desc=true&locations=RU | url-status=live }}</ref>

2023 saw a fall in Russia's oil and gas tax revenues of 24% to 8.8 trillion roubles ($99.4 billion) compared to 2022.<ref>{{cite web |title=Russia's oil and gas budget revenue down 24% in 2023 -finance ministry |url=https://www.nasdaq.com/articles/russias-oil-and-gas-budget-revenue-down-24-in-2023-finance-ministry |date=11 January 2024 |access-date=11 January 2024 |archive-date=11 January 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240111135936/https://www.nasdaq.com/articles/russias-oil-and-gas-budget-revenue-down-24-in-2023-finance-ministry |url-status=live }}</ref>

====Mining====
{{main|Mining industry of Russia|Metallurgy of Russia}}
Russia is also a leading producer and exporter of minerals and gold. Russia is the largest diamond-producing nation in the world, estimated to produce over 33 million [[Carat (mass)|carats]] in 2013, or 25% of global output valued at over $3.4 billion, with state-owned [[ALROSA]] accounting for approximately 95% of all Russian production.<ref name="Kitco">[http://www.kitco.com/ind/Zimnisky/2013-08-20-Ranking-Of-The-World-s-Diamond-Mines-By-Estimated-2013-Production.html "Ranking Of The World's Diamond Mines By Estimated 2013 Production"] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130921053511/http://www.kitco.com/ind/Zimnisky/2013-08-20-Ranking-Of-The-World-s-Diamond-Mines-By-Estimated-2013-Production.html|date=21 September 2013}}, ''[[Kitco]]'', 20 August 2013.</ref>

In 2019, the country was the 3rd world producer of [[gold]];<ref>{{cite web| url = https://pubs.usgs.gov/periodicals/mcs2021/mcs2021-gold.pdf| title = USGS Gold Production Statistics| access-date = 28 April 2021| archive-date = 21 June 2021| archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20210621193715/https://pubs.usgs.gov/periodicals/mcs2021/mcs2021-gold.pdf| url-status = live}}</ref> 2nd worldwide producer of [[platinum]];<ref>{{cite web| url = https://pubs.usgs.gov/periodicals/mcs2021/mcs2021-platinum.pdf| title = USGS Platinum Production Statistics| access-date = 28 April 2021| archive-date = 9 October 2022| archive-url = https://ghostarchive.org/archive/20221009/https://pubs.usgs.gov/periodicals/mcs2021/mcs2021-platinum.pdf| url-status = live}}</ref> 4th worldwide producer of [[silver]];<ref>{{cite web| url = https://pubs.usgs.gov/periodicals/mcs2021/mcs2021-silver.pdf| title = USGS Silver Production Statistics| access-date = 28 April 2021| archive-date = 15 May 2021| archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20210515082301/https://pubs.usgs.gov/periodicals/mcs2021/mcs2021-silver.pdf| url-status = live}}</ref> 9th largest world producer of [[copper]];<ref>{{cite web| url = https://pubs.usgs.gov/periodicals/mcs2021/mcs2021-copper.pdf| title = USGS Copper Production Statistics| access-date = 28 April 2021| archive-date = 9 October 2022| archive-url = https://ghostarchive.org/archive/20221009/https://pubs.usgs.gov/periodicals/mcs2021/mcs2021-copper.pdf| url-status = live}}</ref> 3rd largest world producer of [[nickel]];<ref>{{cite web| url = https://pubs.usgs.gov/periodicals/mcs2021/mcs2021-nickel.pdf| title = USGS Nickel Production Statistics| access-date = 28 April 2021| archive-date = 16 February 2021| archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20210216133809/https://pubs.usgs.gov/periodicals/mcs2021/mcs2021-nickel.pdf| url-status = live}}</ref> 6th largest world producer of [[lead]];<ref>{{cite web| url = https://pubs.usgs.gov/periodicals/mcs2021/mcs2021-lead.pdf| title = USGS Lead Production Statistics| access-date = 28 April 2021| archive-date = 15 May 2021| archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20210515091715/https://pubs.usgs.gov/periodicals/mcs2021/mcs2021-lead.pdf| url-status = live}}</ref> 9th largest world producer of [[bauxite]];<ref>{{cite web| url = https://pubs.usgs.gov/periodicals/mcs2021/mcs2021-bauxite-alumina.pdf| title = USGS Bauxite Production Statistics| access-date = 28 April 2021| archive-date = 26 March 2021| archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20210326103425/https://pubs.usgs.gov/periodicals/mcs2021/mcs2021-bauxite-alumina.pdf| url-status = live}}</ref> 10th largest world producer of [[zinc]];<ref>{{cite web| url = https://pubs.usgs.gov/periodicals/mcs2021/mcs2021-zinc.pdf| title = USGS Zinc Production Statistics| access-date = 28 April 2021| archive-date = 9 October 2022| archive-url = https://ghostarchive.org/archive/20221009/https://pubs.usgs.gov/periodicals/mcs2021/mcs2021-zinc.pdf| url-status = live}}</ref> 2nd worldwide producer of [[vanadium]];<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://pubs.usgs.gov/periodicals/mcs2021/mcs2021-vanadinum.pdf|title=USGS Vanadinum Production Statistics}}{{Dead link|date=February 2024 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}</ref> 2nd largest world producer of [[cobalt]];<ref>{{cite web| url = https://pubs.usgs.gov/periodicals/mcs2021/mcs2021-cobalt.pdf| title = USGS Cobalt Production Statistics| access-date = 28 April 2021| archive-date = 13 February 2021| archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20210213074219/https://pubs.usgs.gov/periodicals/mcs2021/mcs2021-cobalt.pdf| url-status = live}}</ref> 5th largest world producer of [[iron ore]];<ref>{{cite web| url = https://pubs.usgs.gov/periodicals/mcs2021/mcs2021-iron-ore.pdf| title = USGS Iron Ore Production Statistics| access-date = 28 April 2021| archive-date = 9 October 2022| archive-url = https://ghostarchive.org/archive/20221009/https://pubs.usgs.gov/periodicals/mcs2021/mcs2021-iron-ore.pdf| url-status = live}}</ref> 7th largest world producer of [[boron]];<ref>{{cite web| url = https://pubs.usgs.gov/periodicals/mcs2021/mcs2021-boron.pdf| title = USGS Boron Production Statistics| access-date = 28 April 2021| archive-date = 18 July 2021| archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20210718104325/https://pubs.usgs.gov/periodicals/mcs2021/mcs2021-boron.pdf| url-status = live}}</ref> 9th largest world producer of [[molybdenum]];<ref>{{cite web| url = https://pubs.usgs.gov/periodicals/mcs2021/mcs2021-molybdenum.pdf| title = USGS Molybdenum Production Statistics| access-date = 28 April 2021| archive-date = 28 June 2021| archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20210628031218/https://pubs.usgs.gov/periodicals/mcs2021/mcs2021-molybdenum.pdf| url-status = live}}</ref> 13th largest world producer of [[tin]];<ref>{{cite web| url = https://pubs.usgs.gov/periodicals/mcs2021/mcs2021-tin.pdf| title = USGS Tin Production Statistics| access-date = 28 April 2021| archive-date = 13 August 2021| archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20210813153917/https://pubs.usgs.gov/periodicals/mcs2021/mcs2021-tin.pdf| url-status = live}}</ref> 3rd largest world producer of [[sulfur]];<ref>{{cite web| url = https://pubs.usgs.gov/periodicals/mcs2021/mcs2021-sulfur.pdf| title = USGS Sulfur Production Statistics| access-date = 28 April 2021| archive-date = 9 October 2022| archive-url = https://ghostarchive.org/archive/20221009/https://pubs.usgs.gov/periodicals/mcs2021/mcs2021-sulfur.pdf| url-status = live}}</ref> 4th largest world producer of [[phosphate]];<ref>{{cite web| url = https://pubs.usgs.gov/periodicals/mcs2021/mcs2021-phosphate.pdf| title = USGS Phosphate Production Statistics| access-date = 28 April 2021| archive-date = 2 May 2021| archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20210502135915/https://pubs.usgs.gov/periodicals/mcs2021/mcs2021-phosphate.pdf| url-status = live}}</ref> 8th largest world producer of [[gypsum]];<ref>{{cite web| url = https://pubs.usgs.gov/periodicals/mcs2021/mcs2021-gypsum.pdf| title = USGS Gypsum Production Statistics| access-date = 28 April 2021| archive-date = 9 October 2022| archive-url = https://ghostarchive.org/archive/20221009/https://pubs.usgs.gov/periodicals/mcs2021/mcs2021-gypsum.pdf| url-status = live}}</ref> in addition to being the world's 10th largest producer of [[table salt|salt]].<ref>{{cite web| url = https://pubs.usgs.gov/periodicals/mcs2021/mcs2021-salt.pdf| title = USGS Salt Production Statistics| access-date = 28 April 2021| archive-date = 9 October 2022| archive-url = https://ghostarchive.org/archive/20221009/https://pubs.usgs.gov/periodicals/mcs2021/mcs2021-salt.pdf| url-status = live}}</ref> It was the world's 6th largest producer of [[uranium]] in 2018.<ref>{{cite web| url = http://www.world-nuclear.org/info/inf23.html| title = World Uranium Mining| access-date = 28 April 2021| archive-date = 26 December 2018| archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20181226012424/http://www.world-nuclear.org/information-library/nuclear-fuel-cycle/mining-of-uranium/world-uranium-mining-production.aspx| url-status = dead}}</ref>

====Agriculture====
{{Main|Agriculture in Russia|Fishing industry in Russia}}
[[File:Rostov's region combain.jpg|thumb|A [[combine harvester]] in [[Rostov Oblast]]]]
Russia's agriculture sector contributes about 5% of the country's total GDP, although the sector employs about one-eighth of the total labour force.<ref name="agriculturebritannica">{{cite encyclopedia|url=https://www.britannica.com/place/Russia/Economy|title=Russia – Economy|encyclopedia=[[Encyclopædia Britannica]]|access-date=1 July 2021|archive-date=12 April 2022|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220412055856/https://www.britannica.com/place/Russia/Economy|url-status=live}}</ref> It has the world's [[Land use statistics by country|third-largest cultivated area]], at {{convert|1265267|km2}}. However, due to the harshness of its environment, about 13.1% of its land is [[agricultural land|agricultural]],<ref name="CIAWFRS"/> and only 7.4% of its land is [[arable land|arable]].<ref>{{cite web|url=https://data.worldbank.org/indicator/AG.LND.ARBL.ZS|title=Arable land (% of land area)|work=[[The World Bank]]|access-date=15 June 2021|archive-date=7 November 2023|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231107201125/https://data.worldbank.org/indicator/AG.LND.ARBL.ZS|url-status=live}}</ref> The main product of Russian farming has always been [[grain]], which occupies considerably more than half of the cropland.<ref name="agriculturebritannica"/> Russia is the world's [[List of countries by wheat exports|largest exporter of wheat]],<ref>{{cite news|url=https://www.bloomberg.com/news/articles/2020-09-22/russia-s-dominance-of-the-wheat-world-keeps-growing|title=Russia's Dominance of the Wheat World Keeps Growing|work=[[Bloomberg L.P.]]|first1=Anatoly|last1=Medetsky|first2=Megan|last2=Durisin|date=23 September 2020|access-date=15 June 2021|archive-date=31 March 2022|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220331091535/https://www.bloomberg.com/news/articles/2020-09-22/russia-s-dominance-of-the-wheat-world-keeps-growing|url-status=live}}</ref> and is the largest producer of [[barley]],<ref>{{cite web|last=Shahbandeh|first=M.|url=https://www.statista.com/statistics/272760/barley-harvest-forecast/|title=Global barley producers by country 2020/21|work=[[Statista]]|quote="This statistic provides a forecast of barley production volume worldwide in 2020/2021, by country. In that year, Russia produced about 20.63 million metric tons of barley."|date=8 July 2021|access-date=18 July 2021|archive-date=18 July 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210718104355/https://www.statista.com/statistics/272760/barley-harvest-forecast/|url-status=live}}</ref> [[buckwheat]], [[oats]],<ref>{{cite web|last=Shahbandeh|first=M.|url=https://www.statista.com/statistics/1073550/global-leading-oats-producers/|title=Global leading oats producers 2020|work=[[Statista]]|date=12 November 2020|access-date=18 July 2021|archive-date=18 July 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210718104357/https://www.statista.com/statistics/1073550/global-leading-oats-producers/|url-status=live}}</ref> and [[rye]],<ref>{{cite web|last=Shahbandeh|first=M.|url=https://www.statista.com/statistics/190489/rye-production-in-specified-countries/|title=Top countries in rye production 2019/2020|work=[[Statista]]|date=10 February 2021|access-date=18 July 2021|archive-date=18 July 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210718104355/https://www.statista.com/statistics/190489/rye-production-in-specified-countries/|url-status=live}}</ref> and the second-largest producer of [[sunflower seed]].<ref>{{cite web|last=Shahbandeh|first=M.|url=https://www.statista.com/statistics/263928/production-of-sunflower-seed-since-2000-by-major-countries/|title=Sunflower seed production in major countries 2019/20|work=[[Statista]]|quote="Russia is also a major producer of sunflower seeds worldwide, with a production volume of 15.3 million metric tons in 2019/2020."|date=25 February 2021|access-date=18 July 2021|archive-date=18 July 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210718104351/https://www.statista.com/statistics/263928/production-of-sunflower-seed-since-2000-by-major-countries/|url-status=live}}</ref> Various analysts of [[climate change adaptation]] foresee large opportunities for Russian agriculture during the rest of the 21st century as arability increases in Siberia, which would lead to both internal and external migration to the region.<ref name="climatechange">{{cite web|url=https://www.nytimes.com/interactive/2020/12/16/magazine/russia-climate-migration-crisis.html|title=How Russia Wins the Climate Crisis|work=[[The New York Times]]|first=Abrahm|last=Lustgarten|date=16 December 2020|access-date=15 June 2021|archive-date=14 April 2022|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220414034549/https://www.nytimes.com/interactive/2020/12/16/magazine/russia-climate-migration-crisis.html|url-status=live}}</ref>

More than one-third of the sown area is devoted to fodder crops, and the remaining farmland is devoted to [[Nonfood crop|industrial crop]]s, vegetables, and fruits.<ref name="agriculturebritannica"/> Owing to its large coastline along three oceans, Russia maintains one of the world's [[Fishing industry by country|largest fishing fleets]], ranking sixth in the world in tonnage of fish caught; capturing {{convert|4.77|e6t|e6LT e6ST|abbr=off}} of fish in 2018.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.fao.org/3/i9540en/i9540en.pdf|title=The State of World Fisheries and Aquaculture|publisher=[[Food and Agriculture Organization]]|date=2018|access-date=4 February 2021|archive-date=11 February 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210211011147/http://www.fao.org/3/I9540EN/i9540en.pdf|url-status=live}}</ref> It is also home to the world's finest caviar (the [[Beluga (sturgeon)|beluga]]), and produces about one-third of all canned fish, and some one-fourth of the world's total fresh and frozen fish.<ref name="agriculturebritannica"/>

===Industry===
[[File:Russia industrial growth chart YoY.PNG|thumb|Russia's [[List of countries by industrial production growth rate|industrial growth]] per year (%), 1992–2010]]

====Defence industry====
{{main|Defence industry of Russia|Science and technology in Russia}}
[[File:Putin Meeting with workers of the Kalashnikov Concern - September 2016.jpg|thumb|200px|President [[Vladimir Putin]] meeting with workers of [[Kalashnikov Concern]] (2016)]]
[[File:VDayRehearsal05052016-28.jpg|thumb|200px|A view of [[T-14 Armata]] tank]]
The [[defence industry]] of Russia is a strategically important sector and a large employer in the country. Russia has a large and sophisticated arms industry, capable of designing and manufacturing high-tech military equipment, including a [[Sukhoi PAK FA|fifth-generation fighter jet]], [[Nuclear submarine|nuclear powered submarines]], [[firearm]]s, and [[Ballistic missile|short range/long range ballistic missiles]]. It is the world's second-largest exporter of arms, behind only the United States.<ref name="CIAWFRS"/>

====Aerospace====
[[File:Sukhoi Superjet 100 prototype.jpg|thumb|left|The [[Sukhoi Superjet 100]] is one of Russia's most recent civilian aviation products. The regional passenger plane was ordered around 280 times for various airlines and leasing companies as of 2018.]]
{{main|Aircraft industry of Russia|Space industry of Russia}}
Aircraft manufacturing is an important industry sector in Russia, employing around 355,300 people. The Russian aircraft industry offers a portfolio of internationally competitive military aircraft such as [[MiG-29]] and [[Su-30]], while new projects such as the [[Sukhoi Superjet 100]] are hoped to revive the fortunes of the civilian aircraft segment. In 2009, companies belonging to the [[United Aircraft Corporation]] delivered 95 new fixed-wing aircraft to its customers, including 15 civilian models. In addition, the industry produced over 141 helicopters. It is one of the most science-intensive hi-tech sectors and employs the largest number of skilled personnel. The production and value of the military aircraft branch far outstrips other defence industry sectors, and aircraft products make up more than half of the country's arms exports.<ref name="manturov">{{cite journal|url=http://dlib.eastview.com/browse/doc/20573392|title=Prospects for the Domestic Aircraft Industry|last1=Manturov|first1=Denis|journal=Military Parade|issue=4|year=2009|pages=8–9|access-date=15 September 2010|archive-date=25 November 2020|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201125171520/https://dlib.eastview.com/browse/doc/20573392|url-status=live}}</ref>

The [[Space industry of Russia]] consists of over 100 companies and employs 250,000 people.<ref name="mdb">{{cite journal|last=Ionin|first=Andrey|title=Russia's Space Program in 2006: Some Progress but No Clear Direction|journal=[[Moscow Defense Brief]]|publisher=Centre for Analysis of Strategies and Technologies|issue=2(#8)|url=http://mdb.cast.ru/mdb/2-2007/item1/item3/|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20070827204307/http://mdb.cast.ru/mdb/2-2007/item1/item3/|archive-date=27 August 2007}}</ref>

====Automotive industry====
{{main|Automotive industry in Russia}}
[[File:Lada Vesta Concept.JPG|thumb|[[Lada]] is a brand of [[AvtoVAZ]], the largest Russian car manufacturer in the [[Russian automotive industry]].]]
[[File:2018 inauguration of Vladimir Putin 26.jpg|thumb|[[Aurus Senat]], a recent [[armoured limousine]] project by [[NAMI (automotive institute)|NAMI]]]]
Automotive production is a significant industry in Russia, directly employing around 600,000 people or 1% of the country's total workforce. Russia produced 1,767,674 vehicles in 2018, ranking 13th among car-producing nations in 2018, and accounting for 1.8% of the worldwide production.<ref>{{cite web |title=Production Statistics 2018 Statistics |url=http://www.oica.net/category/production-statistics/2018-statistics/ |access-date=21 November 2019 |archive-date=2 December 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201202155703/http://www.oica.net/category/production-statistics/2018-statistics/ |url-status=live }}</ref> Following the 2022 sanctions and the withdrawal of Western manufacturers the production dropped to 450,000 passenger cars in 2022, the lowest level since the dissolution of the Soviet Union in 1991.<ref>{{cite web |title=Russian car production slumped to lowest since Soviet times in 2022 |date=1 February 2023 |website=[[Reuters]] |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230404164614/https://www.reuters.com/business/autos-transportation/russian-car-production-slumped-lowest-since-soviet-times-2022-2023-02-01/ |archive-date=4 April 2023 |url-status=live |url=https://www.reuters.com/business/autos-transportation/russian-car-production-slumped-lowest-since-soviet-times-2022-2023-02-01/ |access-date=23 May 2023 }}</ref> The main local brands are light vehicle producers [[AvtoVAZ]] and [[GAZ]], while [[Kamaz|KamAZ]] is the leading heavy vehicle producer. In December 2022 the only foreign car manufacturers are eleven Chinese carmakers that have production operations or are constructing their plants in Russia.<ref>{{cite web |title=Only 11 foreign car brands left in Russia out of 60 before the war |url=https://intellinews.com/only-11-foreign-car-brands-left-in-russia-out-of-60-before-the-war-265282/ |date=15 December 2022 |access-date=21 August 2023 |archive-date=21 August 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230821160807/https://intellinews.com/only-11-foreign-car-brands-left-in-russia-out-of-60-before-the-war-265282/ |url-status=live }}</ref>

====Electronics====
Russia was experiencing a regrowth of microelectronics, with the revival of [[Mikron Group|JCS Mikron]] until sanctions took effect in 2022.<ref>{{cite web | url=http://eetimes.eu/187200078 | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110207194221/http://eetimes.eu/187200078 | url-status=dead | archive-date=7 February 2011 | title=Electronics regrowth in Russia | publisher=Eetimes.ru | access-date=8 December 2014 | df=dmy-all }}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=http://english.pravda.ru/main/18/89/357/11642_Russia.html|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20041222182331/http://english.pravda.ru/main/18/89/357/11642_Russia.html|archive-date=22 December 2004 | title=Electronics in Russia|date=25 December 2003|publisher=English.pravda.ru|access-date=8 December 2014}}</ref><ref>{{cite news |title=Elbrus processors developer preparing to transfer production to Zelenograd's Mikron from Taiwan - media |url=https://interfax.com/newsroom/top-stories/79684/ |work=Interfax |date=30 May 2022 |access-date=21 August 2023 |archive-date=9 December 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231209160028/https://interfax.com/newsroom/top-stories/79684/ |url-status=live }}</ref>

===Services===

====Retail====
As of 2013, Russians spent 60% of their pre-tax income on shopping, the highest percentage in Europe. This is possible because many Russians pay no rent or house payments, owning their own home after privatization of state-owned Soviet housing. [[Shopping mall]]s were popular with international investors and shoppers from the emerging middle class. Russia had over 1,000 shopping malls in 2020, although in 2022, many international companies left Russia resulting in empty stores in malls.<ref>{{cite web |title=The Proliferation Of Shopping Malls In Russia |url=https://www.denvermart.com/the-proliferation-of-shopping-malls-in-russia/#google_vignette |date=8 January 2023 |access-date=21 August 2023 |archive-date=21 August 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230821173443/https://www.denvermart.com/the-proliferation-of-shopping-malls-in-russia/#google_vignette |url-status=live }}</ref> A [[supermarket]] selling groceries is a typical anchor store in a Russian mall.<ref name=NYT010113>{{cite news|title=Malls Blossom in Russia, With a Middle Class|url=https://www.nytimes.com/2013/01/02/business/global/with-a-mall-boom-in-russia-property-investors-go-shopping.html|access-date=2 January 2013|newspaper=The New York Times|date=1 January 2013|author=Andrew E. Kramer|quote=I feel like I'm in Disneyland|archive-date=11 November 2020|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201111224622/http://www.nytimes.com/2013/01/02/business/global/with-a-mall-boom-in-russia-property-investors-go-shopping.html|url-status=live}}</ref>

'''Retail sales in Russia'''<ref>{{cite web |title=Retail trade revenue in Russia from 2010 to 2022 |url=https://www.statista.com/statistics/1016467/russia-retail-trade-volume/ |access-date=10 April 2023 |archive-date=10 April 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230410073823/https://www.statista.com/statistics/1016467/russia-retail-trade-volume/ |url-status=live }}</ref>
{|class="wikitable" style="text-align: center;"
|-
! style="width:120px;"| '''Year'''
| 2009 || 2010 || 2011 || 2012 || 2013 || 2014 || 2015 || 2016 || 2017 || 2018 || 2019 || 2020 || 2021 || 2022
|-
! style="width:120px;"| '''Total retail sales (RUB trillions)'''
| 14.60 ||16.49 ||19.08||21.3||23.7||26.4||27.6||29.75||27.88||31.58||33.62||33.56||39.47||42.51
|}

====Telecommunications====
{{main|Telecommunications in Russia|Internet in Russia}}
Russia's telecommunications industry is growing in size and maturity. As of December 2007, there were an estimated 4,900,000 broadband lines in Russia.<ref>{{cite web|author=Lenta.ru |url=http://it.tut.by/news/97330.html |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090625003353/http://it.tut.by/news/97330.html |archive-date=25 June 2009 |title=Internet usage statistic |publisher=It.tut.by |access-date=12 November 2011}}</ref>

{{As of|2020}}, 122,488,468 Russians (85% of the country's total population) were Internet users.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.cia.gov/the-world-factbook/countries/russia/|title=The World Factbook — Central Intelligence Agency|website=www.cia.gov|language=en|access-date=3 January 2018|archive-date=9 January 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210109173026/https://www.cia.gov/the-world-factbook/countries/russia/|url-status=live}}</ref>

There are four national mobile phone networks, MegaFon, Tele2, Beeline and MTS with total subscriptions between 2011 and 2021 ranging between 200 and 240 million.<ref>{{cite web |title=Number of mobile cellular subscriptions in Russia from 2000 to 2021 |url=https://www.statista.com/statistics/501076/number-of-mobile-cellular-subscriptions-in-russia/ |access-date=21 August 2023 |archive-date=21 August 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230821162513/https://www.statista.com/statistics/501076/number-of-mobile-cellular-subscriptions-in-russia/ |url-status=live }}</ref>

====Transportation====
{{main|Transport in Russia|Russian Railways}}
[[File:VL 85-022 container train.jpg|thumb|The [[Trans-Siberian Railway]], the longest railway-line in the world, as seen across the coast of [[Lake Baikal]]]]
[[File:"Russian bridge" in Vladivostok city.jpg|thumb|The [[Russky Bridge]] in [[Vladivostok]] is the longest cable-stayed bridge in the world.]]
[[Rail transport in Russia|Railway transport in Russia]] is mostly under the control of the state-run [[Russian Railways]].<ref>{{cite web|url=https://ar2017.rzd.ru/pdf/ar/en/results-review_operational_passenger.pdf|title=Passenger transportation|publisher=[[Russian Railways]]|date=2017|access-date=2 July 2021|archive-date=6 August 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210806023840/https://ar2017.rzd.ru/pdf/ar/en/results-review_operational_passenger.pdf|url-status=live}}</ref> The total length of common-used railway tracks is the world's [[List of countries by rail transport network size|third-longest]], and exceeds {{convert|87157|km|0|abbr=on}}.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.cia.gov/the-world-factbook/field/railways/country-comparison|title=Railways – The World Factbook|work=[[Central Intelligence Agency]]|access-date=15 June 2021|archive-date=24 November 2018|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20181124012056/https://www.cia.gov/library/publications/the-world-factbook/rankorder/2121rank.html|url-status=live}}</ref> {{As of|2016}}, Russia has [[Roads by country|1,452.2 thousand&nbsp;km of roads]],<ref>{{cite web|url=http://government.ru/info/22865/|title=О развитии дорожной инфраструктуры|trans-title=On the development of road infrastructure|work=[[Government of Russia]]|date=29 April 2016|access-date=14 January 2021|archive-date=1 September 2019|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190901004438/http://government.ru/info/22865/|url-status=live}}</ref> and its road density is among the world's lowest.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://worldroadstatistics.org/europe-central-asia-continue-to-report-the-worlds-highest-road-network-density-followed-by-east-asia-and-pacific/|title=Europe continues to report the world's highest Road Network Density, followed by East Asia and Pacific.|work=International Road Federation|date=16 December 2020|access-date=19 May 2021|archive-date=19 March 2022|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220319083620/https://worldroadstatistics.org/europe-central-asia-continue-to-report-the-worlds-highest-road-network-density-followed-by-east-asia-and-pacific/|url-status=live}}</ref> Russia's inland waterways are the world's [[List of countries by waterways length|second-longest]], and total {{convert|102000|km|0|abbr=on}}.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.cia.gov/the-world-factbook/field/waterways/country-comparison|title=Waterways – The World Factbook|work=[[Central Intelligence Agency]]|access-date=15 June 2021|archive-date=12 April 2022|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220412005407/https://www.cia.gov/the-world-factbook/field/waterways/country-comparison|url-status=live}}</ref> Among [[List of airports in Russia|Russia's 1,218 airports]],<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.cia.gov/the-world-factbook/field/airports/country-comparison|title=Airports – The World Factbook|work=[[Central Intelligence Agency]]|access-date=15 June 2021|archive-date=3 April 2022|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220403171702/https://www.cia.gov/the-world-factbook/field/airports/country-comparison/|url-status=live}}</ref> the [[List of the busiest airports in Russia|busiest]] is [[Sheremetyevo International Airport]] in Moscow.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.svo.aero/en/about/sheremetyevo-today|title=Sheremetyevo today|work=www.svo.aero|access-date=10 June 2021|archive-date=30 May 2019|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190530024759/https://www.svo.aero/en/about/sheremetyevo-today|url-status=live}}</ref>

Russia's largest port is the [[Port of Novorossiysk]] in [[Krasnodar Krai]] along the Black Sea.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.statista.com/statistics/1023550/russia-cargo-throughput-by-port/|title=Cargo throughput volume in Russia in 2020, by port|work=[[Statista]]|author=D. Elagina|date=22 January 2021|quote="The Russian sea port Novorossiysk, located in the Azov-Black Sea basin, handled almost 142 million metric tons of cargo in 2020 and became the leading port in the country by the cargo throughput."|access-date=10 June 2021|archive-date=10 June 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210610130453/https://www.statista.com/statistics/1023550/russia-cargo-throughput-by-port/|url-status=live}}</ref> Russia is the world's sole country to operate [[nuclear-powered icebreaker]]s, which advance the economic exploitation of the Arctic [[continental shelf of Russia]], and the development of sea trade through the [[Northern Sea Route]].<ref>{{cite web|url=https://poseidonexpeditions.com/about/articles/nuclear-icebreakers-what-s-so-special-about-them/|title=Nuclear icebreakers – what's so special about them?|work=[[Poseidon Expeditions]]|quote="Russia is the only country constructing nuclear-powered icebreakers in the world. They were purposely built for the strategic importance of the Northern Sea Route and a more evident need to guarantee the safety of the Russian trade vessels in winter and Arctic settlements' dependency on supplies."|access-date=24 May 2021|archive-date=24 May 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210524112552/https://poseidonexpeditions.com/about/articles/nuclear-icebreakers-what-s-so-special-about-them/|url-status=live}}</ref>

====Construction====
[[File:NUTEP and KSK.jpg|thumb|The [[Port of Novorossiysk]]]]
In 2022, construction was worth 13 trillion rubles, 5% more than in 2021. Residential construction in 2022 reached {{convert|126.7|e6m2|abbr=off}}.<ref name="mos218">{{cite web |title=RUSSIAN CONSTRUCTION INDUSTRY: MOVING UPWARD? |url=https://mosbuild.com/en/media/news/2023/june/19/russian-construction-industry |access-date=21 August 2023 |archive-date=21 August 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230821175605/https://mosbuild.com/en/media/news/2023/june/19/russian-construction-industry/ |url-status=live }}</ref>

The 2020&ndash;2030 target for construction is {{convert|1|e9m2|abbr=off}} of housing, 20% of all housing stock to be renovated and to increase space from {{convert|27.8|m2}} up to {{convert|33.3|m2}} per person.<ref name="mos218"/>

====Insurance====
According to the Central Bank of Russia 422 insurance companies operate on the Russian insurance market by the end of 2013. The concentration of insurance business is significant across all major segments except {{ill|compulsory motor third party liability market (CMTPL)|ru|Обязательное страхование гражданской ответственности владельцев транспортных средств|vertical-align=sup}}, as the top 10 companies in 2013 charged 58.1% premiums in total without compulsory health insurance (CHI).<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.rgs.ru/media/CSR/Insurance_market_results_2013_ENG.pdf|title=Russian Insurance Market in 2013|publisher=Rgs.ru|access-date=8 December 2014|archive-date=3 September 2016|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160903045929/http://www.rgs.ru/media/CSR/Insurance_market_results_2013_ENG.pdf|url-status=live}}</ref> Russian insurance market in 2013 demonstrated quite significant rate of growth in operations. Total amount of premiums charged (without CHI) in 2013 is RUB 904.9 bln (increase on 11.8% compared to 2012), total amount of claims paid is RUB 420.8 bln (increase on 13.9% compared to 2012). Premiums to GDP ratio (total without CHI) in 2013 increased to 1.36% compared to 1.31 a year before. The share of premiums in household spending increased to 1.39%. Level of claims paid on the market total without CHI is 46.5%, an insufficient increase compared to 2012. The number of policies in 2013 increased on 0.1% compared to 2012, to 139.6 mln policies.

Although relative indicators of the Russian insurance market returned to pre-crisis levels, the progress is achieved mainly by the increase of life insurance and accident insurance, the input of these two market segments in premium growth in 2013 largely exceeds their share on the market. As before, life insurance and accident insurance are often used by banks as an appendix to a credit contract protecting creditors from the risk of credit default in case of borrower's death or disability. The rise of these lines is connected, evidently, with the increase in consumer loans, as the total sum of credit obligations of population in 2013 increased by 28% to RUB 9.9 trillion. At the same time premium to GDP ratio net of life and accident insurance remained at the same level of 1.1% as in 2012. Thus, if "banking" lines of business are excluded, Russian insurance market is in stagnation stage for the last four years, as premiums to GDP ratio net of life and accident insurance remains at the same level of 1.1% since 2010.<ref>{{Cite web |url=http://fa.ru/chair/priklsoc/Documents/%D0%98%D1%82%D0%BE%D0%B3%D0%B8%20%D1%80%D0%B0%D0%B7%D0%B2%D0%B8%D1%82%D0%B8%D1%8F%20%D1%81%D1%82%D1%80%D0%B0%D1%85%D0%BE%D0%B2%D0%BE%D0%B3%D0%BE%20%D1%80%D1%8B%D0%BD%D0%BA%D0%B0%202013%20%D0%B3._eng.pdf |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20141102161708/http://www.fa.ru/chair/priklsoc/Documents/%D0%98%D1%82%D0%BE%D0%B3%D0%B8%20%D1%80%D0%B0%D0%B7%D0%B2%D0%B8%D1%82%D0%B8%D1%8F%20%D1%81%D1%82%D1%80%D0%B0%D1%85%D0%BE%D0%B2%D0%BE%D0%B3%D0%BE%20%D1%80%D1%8B%D0%BD%D0%BA%D0%B0%202013%20%D0%B3._1%20eng.pdf |archive-date=2 November 2014 |url-status=dead |title=Russian Insurance Market in 2013 |last=Zubet |first=Alexei |publisher=[[Financial University under the Government of the Russian Federation|Financial University, Moscow]] |access-date=30 August 2022 }}</ref>

====Information technology====
{{main|Information technology in Russia}}
[[File:Graduates in tertiary education-thousands.jpg|thumb|Russia has more academic graduates than any other country in Europe (and world leader in percentage of population with associate degree or higher: 54%, compared to 31% in UK<ref>[[Huffington Post]]: [https://www.huffingtonpost.com/2010/07/22/countries-with-the-most-c_n_655393.html#s117394&title=United_Kingdom_318 Countries With The MOST College Graduates] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201112013023/https://consent.yahoo.com/v2/collectConsent?sessionId=3_cc-session_66164c64-d4d7-44b3-8c39-b2bcc770109f#s117394&title=United_Kingdom_318 |date=12 November 2020 }} retrieved 27 September 2013</ref>).]]

The IT market is one of the most dynamic sectors of the Russian economy. Russian software exports have risen from just $120&nbsp;million in 2000 to $3.3&nbsp;billion in 2010.<ref name="Russoft">{{cite web |url=http://russoft.ru/files/RUSSOFT_Survey_8_en.pdf |title=The 8th Annual Survey of the Russian Software Export Industry |publisher=Russoft |date=22 November 2011 |access-date=5 May 2012 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120514052010/http://russoft.ru/files/RUSSOFT_Survey_8_en.pdf |archive-date=14 May 2012 |url-status=dead }}</ref> Since the year 2000 the IT market has started growth rates of 30–40% a year, growing by 54% in 2006 alone. The biggest sector in terms of revenue is system and network integration, which accounts for 28.3% of the total market revenues.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.silicontaiga.org/home.asp?artId=6539|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20070930093355/http://www.silicontaiga.org/home.asp?artId=6539|archive-date=30 September 2007 |title=Russian IT market worth $2,4 billion |publisher=Silicon Taiga |date=26 December 2006 |access-date=12 November 2011}}</ref> Meanwhile, the fastest growing segment of the IT market is [[offshore programming]].

[[File:Beriev aircraft factory Taganrog.jpg|thumb|Interior of the Beriev Scientific and Technical Complex in [[Taganrog]]]]

The government has launched a program promoting construction of IT-oriented technology parks (Technoparks)—special zones that have an established infrastructure and enjoy a favorable tax and customs regime, in seven different locations: Moscow, Novosibirsk, Nizhny Novgorod, Kaluga, Tumen, Republic of Tatarstan and St. Peterburg Region.<ref name="Russoft"/>

Under a [[Order of the Government of Russia|government decree]] signed in June 2013, a special "roadmap" is expected to ease business suppliers' access to the procurement programs of state-owned infrastructure monopolies, including such large ones as [[Gazprom]], [[Rosneft]], [[Russian Railways]], [[Rosatom]], and [[Transneft]]. These companies will be expected to increase the proportion of domestic technology solutions they use in their operations. The decree puts special emphasis on purchases of innovation products and technologies. According to the new decree, by 2015, government-connected companies must double their purchases of Russian technology solutions compared to the 2013 level and their purchasing levels must quadruple by 2018.<ref>{{cite web| url =http://russoft.org/docs/?doc=2460| title =Medvedev's Cabinet compels state-owned corporations to buy Russian technology| work =[[Russoft]]| access-date =23 June 2013| archive-url =https://web.archive.org/web/20131219044720/http://www.russoft.org/docs/?doc=2460| archive-date =19 December 2013| url-status =dead}}</ref>

Russia is one of the few countries in the world with a homegrown [[internet search engine]] with a significant marketshare as the Russian-based search engine [[Yandex]] is used by 53.8% of internet users in the country.<ref>{{cite news|url=http://www.economist.com/node/21555560|title=The internet business in Russia: Europe's great exception – The Economist|newspaper=The Economist|access-date=14 March 2015|date=19 May 2012|archive-date=18 November 2017|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20171118072812/http://www.economist.com/node/21555560|url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.techrobo.org/popular-search-engines-world-top-ten-list/|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150506082831/http://www.techrobo.org/popular-search-engines-world-top-ten-list/|archive-date=6 May 2015|title=Most Popular Search Engines in the World – Top Ten List – Tech Robo|work=Tech Robo|access-date=14 March 2015}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=http://topmira.com/internet/item/1-samye-populjarnye-poiskoviki-runeta|title=Самые популярные поисковые системы в России|publisher=Topmira.com|access-date=8 December 2014|archive-date=13 March 2016|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160313031332/http://topmira.com/internet/item/1-samye-populjarnye-poiskoviki-runeta|url-status=dead}}</ref>

Known Russian IT companies are [[ABBYY]] ([[FineReader]] OCR system and Lingvo dictionaries), [[Kaspersky Lab]] ([[Kaspersky Anti-Virus]], [[Kaspersky Internet Security]]), [[Mail.Ru]] (portal, search engine, mail service, Mail.ru Agent messenger, [[ICQ]], [[Odnoklassniki]] social network, online media sources).

====Tourism====
{{Main|Tourism in Russia}}
[[File:Grand Cascade in Peterhof 01.jpg|thumb|[[Peterhof Palace]] in Saint Petersburg, a [[UNESCO]] [[World Heritage Site]]]]
According to a [[World Tourism Organization|UNWTO]] report, Russia is the sixteenth-most visited country in the world, and the tenth-most visited country in Europe, as of 2018, with 24.6 million visits.<ref name="unwto">{{Cite journal|url=https://www.e-unwto.org/doi/epdf/10.18111/wtobarometereng.2020.18.1.6|title=UNWTO World Tourism Barometer|journal=UNWTO World Tourism Barometer English Version|publisher=[[World Tourism Organization]] (UNWTO)|year=2020|volume=18|pages=18|language=en|doi=10.18111/wtobarometereng|issn=1728-9246|issue=6|url-access=subscription|access-date=13 February 2021|archive-date=29 October 2020|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201029182723/https://www.e-unwto.org/doi/epdf/10.18111/wtobarometereng.2020.18.1.6|url-status=live}}</ref> Russia is ranked 39th in the Travel and Tourism Competitiveness Report 2019.<ref>{{Cite book|last1=Uppink Calderwood|first1=Lauren|last2=Soshkin|first2=Maksim|editor-last=Fisher|editor-first=Mike|title=The Travel & Tourism Competitiveness Report 2019|url=http://www3.weforum.org/docs/WEF_TTCR_2019.pdf|access-date=11 November 2020|publisher=[[World Economic Forum]]|location=Geneva|page=xiii|isbn=978-2-940631-01-8|archive-date=4 September 2019|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190904142913/http://www3.weforum.org/docs/WEF_TTCR_2019.pdf|url-status=live}}</ref> According to [[Federal Agency for Tourism (Russia)|Federal Agency for Tourism]], the number of inbound trips of foreign citizens to Russia amounted to 24.4 million in 2019.<ref>{{Cite web|title=Выборочная статистическая информация, рассчитанная в соответствии с Официальной статистической методологией оценки числа въездных и выездных туристских поездок – Ростуризм|trans-title=Selected statistical information calculated in accordance with the Official Statistical Methodology for Estimating the Number of Inbound and Outbound Tourist Trips – Rostourism|url=https://tourism.gov.ru/contents/statistika/statisticheskie-pokazateli-vzaimnykh-poezdok-grazhdan-rossiyskoy-federatsii-i-grazhdan-inostrannykh-gosudarstv/vyborochnaya-statisticheskaya-informatsiya-rasschitannaya-v-sootvetstvii-s-ofitsialnoy-statisticheskoy-metodologiey-otsenki-chisla-vezdnykh-i-vyezdnykh-turistskikh-poezdok/|access-date=11 November 2020|website=tourism.gov.ru|publisher=[[Federal Agency for Tourism (Russia)]]|language=ru|archive-date=22 January 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210122202242/https://tourism.gov.ru/contents/statistika/statisticheskie-pokazateli-vzaimnykh-poezdok-grazhdan-rossiyskoy-federatsii-i-grazhdan-inostrannykh-gosudarstv/vyborochnaya-statisticheskaya-informatsiya-rasschitannaya-v-sootvetstvii-s-ofitsialnoy-statisticheskoy-metodologiey-otsenki-chisla-vezdnykh-i-vyezdnykh-turistskikh-poezdok/|url-status=dead}}</ref> Russia's international tourism receipts in 2018 amounted to $11.6 billion.<ref name="unwto" /> In 2020, tourism accounted for about 4% of country's GDP.<ref>{{Cite web|date=26 September 2020|title=Вице-премьер считает, что вклад туризма в ВВП России может вырасти в три раза за 10 лет|trans-title=Deputy Prime Minister believes that the contribution of tourism to Russia's GDP could triple in 10 years|url=https://tass.ru/ekonomika/9558261|access-date=11 November 2020|website=ТАСС|publisher=[[TASS]]|language=ru|archive-date=3 October 2020|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201003015106/https://tass.ru/ekonomika/9558261|url-status=live}}</ref> Major tourist routes in Russia include a journey around the [[Golden Ring (Russia)|Golden Ring]] [[theme route]] of ancient cities, cruises on the big rivers like the [[Volga]], and journeys on the famous [[Trans-Siberian Railway]].<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.e-unwto.org/content/r13521/fulltext.pdf|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150112082549/http://www.e-unwto.org/content/r13521/fulltext.pdf|url-status=dead|archive-date=12 January 2015|title=Tourism Highlights 2014|publisher=UNWTO (World Tourism Organization)|date=2014|access-date=20 January 2015}}</ref> Russia's most visited and popular landmarks include [[Red Square]], the [[Peterhof Palace]], the [[Kazan Kremlin]], the [[Trinity Lavra of St. Sergius]] and [[Lake Baikal]].<ref>{{Cite web|last=Vlasov|first=Artem|date=17 December 2018|title=Названы самые популярные достопримечательности России|trans-title=The most popular sights of Russia are named|url=https://iz.ru/824446/2018-12-17/nazvany-samye-populiarnye-dostoprimechatelnosti-rossii|access-date=15 December 2020|website=[[Izvestia]]|language=ru|archive-date=17 December 2018|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20181217185705/https://iz.ru/824446/2018-12-17/nazvany-samye-populiarnye-dostoprimechatelnosti-rossii|url-status=live}}</ref>