Editing Echinoderm (section)

=====Linnaean taxonomies=====

Three taxonomies introduced nearly all of the traditional subphyla and class divisions that continue to be referenced in cladistic work:

* [[Francis Arthur Bather|F. A. Bather]] produced the earliest widely referenced classification of both fossil and extant echinoderms in 1900, using a two-subphylum system.<ref>{{harvnb|Smith|1984|pp=433–434}}</ref>
* In 1966, the ''[[Treatise on Invertebrate Paleontology]]'', rejected Bather's classification, replacing it with a new four-subphylum scheme<ref>{{harvnb|Moore|1966|pp=U2–U3}}</ref> that had been previously proposed by [[Barry Fell|H. B. Fell]].<ref>{{harvnb|Sprinkle|1973|p=3}}</ref>
* James Sprinkle which added a fifth subphylum to the ''Treatise'' taxonomy in 1973.<ref>{{harvnb|Sprinkle|1973}}</ref>  His later class-level taxonomy of the five subphyla was the most recent approach cited in an early cladistic re-assessment of the phylum.<ref>{{harvnb|Smith|1984|p=436}}</ref>

{| class="wikitable"
|+Notable Linnaean taxonomies of the phylum Echinodermata
! Bather, 1900<ref>{{harvnb|Bather|1900}}</ref>
! Moore (ed.), 1966–7<ref>{{harvnb|Moore|1966}}</ref><ref>{{harvnb|Ubaghs|1967}}</ref>
! Sprinkle, 1980<ref>{{harvnb|Sprinkle|1980a}}</ref><ref>{{harvnb|Sprinkle|1980b}}</ref>
|- style="vertical-align:top;"
|
* ''Phylum'' '''Echinoderma''' {{small|Latreille, 1825<ref>{{harvnb|Ubaghs|1967|p=S5|loc=footnote 1}}</ref>}}
** ''Subphylum'' [[Pelmatozoa]] {{small|Leuckart,&nbsp;1848}}
*** ''Class'' Cystidea† {{small|von&nbsp;Buch,&nbsp;1844}}
*** ''Class'' [[Blastoidea]]† {{small|Say,&nbsp;1825 ''sensu extenso''}}
*** ''Class'' [[Crinoidea]] {{small|Miller,&nbsp;1821}}
*** ''Class'' [[Edrioasteroidea]]† {{small|E.&nbsp;Billings,&nbsp;1854–58; Huxley,&nbsp;1877; Bather,&nbsp;1899}}
** ''Subphylum'' [[Eleutherozoa]] {{small|Bell, 1891}}
*** ''Class'' [[Holothuroidea]] {{small|C.&nbsp;T.&nbsp;v.&nbsp;Siebold,&nbsp;1848}}
*** ''Class'' [[Stelleroidea]] {{small|Gregory, 1900}}
*** ''Class'' [[Echinoidea]] {{small|[[Leske]], 1778}}
|
* ''Phylum'' '''Echinodermata''' {{small|Klein,&nbsp;1734; Brugière, 1789}}
** ''Subphylum'' [[Homalozoa]]† {{small|Whitehouse,&nbsp;1941}}
*** ''Class'' [[Stylophora]]† {{small|Gill&nbsp;&&nbsp;Caster,&nbsp;1960}}
*** ''Class'' [[Homostelea]]† {{small|Gill&nbsp;&&nbsp;Caster,&nbsp;1960}}
*** ''Class'' [[Homoiostelea]]† {{small|Gill&nbsp;&&nbsp;Caster,&nbsp;1960}}
** ''Subphylum'' [[Crinozoa]] {{small|Matsumoto,&nbsp;1929}}
*** ''Class'' [[Lepidocystis|Lepidocystoidea]]† {{small|Durham,&nbsp;1967}}
*** ''Class'' [[Eocrinoidea]]† {{small|Jaekel,&nbsp;1918}}
*** ''Class'' [[Cystoidea]]† {{small|von&nbsp;Buch,&nbsp;1846}}
*** ''Class'' Edrioblastoidea† {{small|Fay,&nbsp;1962}}
*** ''Class'' Parablastoidea† {{small|Hudson,&nbsp;1907}}
*** ''Class'' [[Blastoidea]]† {{small|Say,&nbsp;1825}}
*** ''Class'' [[Paracrinoidea]]† {{small|Regnéll,&nbsp;1945}}
*** ''Class'' [[Crinoidea]] {{small|Miller,&nbsp;1821}}
** ''Subphylum'' [[Asterozoa]] {{small|Zittel&nbsp;1895}}
*** ''Class'' [[Stelleroidea]] {{small|Lamarck&nbsp;1816}}
** ''Subphylum'' [[Echinozoa]] {{small|Haekel&nbsp; Zittel&nbsp;1895}}
*** ''Class'' [[Helicoplacoidea]]† {{small|Durham&nbsp;&&nbsp;Caster,&nbsp;1963}}
*** ''Class'' [[Camptostroma|Camptostromatoidea]]† {{small|Durham,&nbsp;1966}}
*** ''Class'' [[Edrioasteroidea]]† {{small|Billings,&nbsp;1858}}
*** ''Class'' Cyclocystoidea† {{small|Miller&nbsp;&&nbsp;Gurley,&nbsp;1895}}
*** ''Class'' [[Ophiocistioidea]]† {{small|Solas,&nbsp;1899}}
*** ''Class'' [[Echinoidea]] {{small|Leske,&nbsp;1778}}
*** ''Class'' [[Holothuroidea]] {{small|de&nbsp;Blainville,&nbsp;1834}}
|
* ''Phylum'' '''Echinodermata''' {{small|de Bruguière ''[sic]'',&nbsp;1791}}
** ''Subphylum'' [[Homalozoa]]† {{small|Whitehouse,&nbsp;1941}}
*** ''Class'' [[Ctenocystoidea]]† {{small|Robinson&nbsp;& Sprinkle,&nbsp;1969}}
*** ''Class'' [[Stylophora]]† {{small|Gill&nbsp;&&nbsp;Caster,&nbsp;1960}}
*** ''Class'' [[Homostelea]]† {{small|Gill&nbsp;&&nbsp;Caster,&nbsp;1960}}
*** ''Class'' [[Homoiostelea]]† {{small|Gill&nbsp;&&nbsp;Caster,&nbsp;1960}}
** ''Subphylum'' [[Blastozoa]]† {{small|Sprinkle,&nbsp;1973}}
*** ''Class'' [[Eocrinoidea]]† {{small|Jaekel,&nbsp;1918}}
*** ''Class'' [[Rhombifera]]† {{small|Zittel,&nbsp;1879}}
*** ''Class'' [[Diploporita]]† {{small|Müller,&nbsp;1854}}
*** ''Class'' Parablastoidea† {{small|Hudson,&nbsp;1907}}
*** ''Class'' [[Blastoidea]]† {{small|Say,&nbsp;1825}}
** ''Subphylum'' [[Crinozoa]] {{small|Matsumoto,&nbsp;1929, restricted&nbsp;in Sprinkle,&nbsp;1973}}
*** ''Class'' [[Paracrinoidea]]† {{small|Regnéll,&nbsp;1945}}
*** ''Class'' [[Crinoidea]] {{small|Miller,&nbsp;1821}}
** ''Subphylum'' [[Asterozoa]] {{small|Zittel&nbsp;1895}}
*** ''Class'' [[Asteroidea]] {{small|de&nbsp;Blainville,&nbsp;1830}}
*** ''Class'' [[Ophiuroidea]] {{small|Gray,&nbsp;1840}}
** ''Subphylum'' [[Echinozoa]] {{small|Haekel&nbsp; Zittel&nbsp;1895}}
*** ''Class'' [[Helicoplacoidea]]† {{small|Durham&nbsp;&&nbsp;Caster,&nbsp;1963}}
*** ''Class'' [[Edrioasteroidea]]† {{small|Billings,&nbsp;1858}}
*** ''Class'' Edrioblastoidea† {{small|Fay,&nbsp;1962}}
*** ''Class'' Cyclocystoidea† {{small|Miller&nbsp;&&nbsp;Gurley,&nbsp;1895}}
*** ''Class'' [[Ophiocistioidea]]† {{small|Solas,&nbsp;1899}}
*** ''Class'' [[Echinoidea]] {{small|Leske,&nbsp;1778}}
*** ''Class'' [[Holothuroidea]] {{small|de&nbsp;Blainville,&nbsp;1834}}
|}


Other proposed classes not included at that rank in any of the above taxonomies include:

* [[Eleutherozoa#Asterozoa vs Cryptosyringida|Cryptosyringida]] {{small|Smith, 1984}}<ref>{{harvnb|Smith|1984|pp=436–439, 453–454}}</ref>
* [[Somasteroidea]] {{small|Spencer, 1951}}<ref>{{harvnb|PBDB Somasteroidea}}</ref> 
* [[Asterozoa#Stenuroidea|Stenuroidea]] {{small|Spencer, 1951}}<ref>{{harvnb|PBDB Stenuroidea}}</ref>
* Coronoidea {{small|Brett et al., 1983}}<ref>{{harvnb|PBDB Coronoidea}}</ref>
* [[Concentricycloidea]] {{small|Baker, Rowe & Clark, 1986}}<ref>{{harvnb|Rowe|Baker|Clark|1988}}</ref>

There are also several common alternative names involving homalozoans:

* [[Carpoidea]] {{small|Jaekel, 1900}} for Homalozoa, giving rise to the term "carpoids"<ref>{{harvnb|Rahman|2009}}</ref>
* [[Cincta]] {{small|Jaekel, 1918}} as either the senior synonym of or sole order within Homostelea<ref name=Rozhnov2022>{{harvnb|Rozhnov|2022|p=1310}}</ref>
* [[Soluta (echinoderm)|Soluta]] {{small|Jaekel, 1901}} as either the senior synonym of or sole order within Homoiostelea<ref name=Rozhnov2022 />
* Calcichordata {{small|Jeffries, 1967}}, a subphylum effectively identical to Stylophora that was central<ref>{{harvnb|Gee|1996|p=223}}</ref> to the now-disproven<ref>{{harvnb|Lefebvre|Guensburg|Martin|Mooi|2019}}</ref> [[calcichordate hypothesis]]