Editing Drosophila (section)

==Genetics==
''Drosophila'' species are extensively used as model organisms in genetics (including population genetics), cell biology, biochemistry, and especially developmental biology. Therefore, extensive efforts are made to sequence drosophilid genomes. The genomes of these species have been fully sequenced:<ref name="LBL">{{cite web|url=http://rana.lbl.gov/drosophila/index.html|title=12 ''Drosophila'' Genomes Project|publisher=[[Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory]]|access-date=July 29, 2010|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100527141042/http://rana.lbl.gov/drosophila/index.html|archive-date=May 27, 2010|url-status=dead}}</ref>
*''[[Drosophila melanogaster|Drosophila (Sophophora) melanogaster]]''
*''[[Drosophila simulans|Drosophila (Sophophora) simulans]]''
*''[[Drosophila sechellia|Drosophila (Sophophora) sechellia]]''
*''[[Drosophila yakuba|Drosophila (Sophophora) yakuba]]''
*''[[Drosophila erecta|Drosophila (Sophophora) erecta]]''
*''[[Drosophila ananassae|Drosophila (Sophophora) ananassae]]''
*''[[Drosophila pseudoobscura|Drosophila (Sophophora) pseudoobscura]]''
*''[[Drosophila persimilis|Drosophila (Sophophora) persimilis]]''
*''[[Drosophila willistoni|Drosophila (Sophophora) willistoni]]''
*''[[Drosophila mojavensis|Drosophila (Drosophila) mojavensis]]''
*''[[Drosophila virilis|Drosophila (Drosophila) virilis]]''
*''[[Drosophila grimshawi|Drosophila (Drosophila) grimshawi]]''

The data have been used for many purposes, including evolutionary genome comparisons. ''D. simulans'' and ''D. sechellia'' are sister species, and provide viable offspring when crossed, while ''D. melanogaster'' and ''D. simulans'' produce infertile [[Hybrid (biology)|hybrid]] offspring. The ''Drosophila'' genome is often compared with the genomes of more distantly related species such as the honeybee ''[[Western honeybee|Apis mellifera]]'' or the mosquito ''[[Anopheles gambiae]]''.

The ''Drosophila'' modEncode project conducted extensive work to annotate ''Drosophila'' genomes, profile transcripts, histone modifications, transcription factors, regulatory networks, and other aspects of ''Drosophila'' genetics, and make predictions about gene expression among others.<ref>{{Cite journal |last1=The modENCODE Consortium |last2=Roy |first2=Sushmita |last3=Ernst |first3=Jason |last4=Kharchenko |first4=Peter V. |last5=Kheradpour |first5=Pouya |last6=Negre |first6=Nicolas |last7=Eaton |first7=Matthew L. |last8=Landolin |first8=Jane M. |last9=Bristow |first9=Christopher A. |last10=Ma |first10=Lijia |last11=Lin |first11=Michael F. |last12=Washietl |first12=Stefan |last13=Arshinoff |first13=Bradley I. |last14=Ay |first14=Ferhat |last15=Meyer |first15=Patrick E. |date=2010-12-24 |title=Identification of Functional Elements and Regulatory Circuits by Drosophila modENCODE |journal=Science |language=en |volume=330 |issue=6012 |pages=1787–1797 |doi=10.1126/science.1198374 |issn=0036-8075 |pmc=3192495 |pmid=21177974|bibcode=2010Sci...330.1787R }}</ref>

[[FlyBase]] serves as a centralized database of curated genomic data on ''Drosophila.''<ref>{{Cite web |title=FlyBase Homepage |url=https://flybase.org/ |access-date=2024-10-28 |website=flybase.org}}</ref>

The {{visible anchor|Drosophila 12 Genomes Consortium}} has presented ten new genomes and combines those with previously released genomes for ''D. melanogaster'' and ''D. pseudoobscura'' to analyse the evolutionary history and common genomic structure of the genus. This includes the discovery of [[transposable element]]s (TEs) and illumination of their evolutionary history.<ref name="Gilbert-et-al-2021">{{cite journal | vauthors = Gilbert C, Peccoud J, Cordaux R | title = Transposable Elements and the Evolution of Insects | journal = Annual Review of Entomology | volume = 66 | issue = 1 | pages = 355–372 | date = January 2021 | pmid = 32931312 | doi = 10.1146/annurev-ento-070720-074650 | publisher = [[Annual Reviews (publisher)|Annual Reviews]] | s2cid = 221747772 | url = https://hal.archives-ouvertes.fr/hal-03376520/file/Gilbert_et_al_30Jan20_text%2BFig.pdf }}</ref> Bartolomé et al. 2009 find at least {{frac|3}} of the TEs in ''D. melanogaster'', ''D. simulans'' and ''D. yakuba'' have been acquired by [[horizontal transfer]]. They find an average rate of 0.035 horizontal transfer events per TE family per million years. Bartolomé also finds horizontal transfer of TEs follows other relatedness metrics, with transfer events between ''D. melanogaster and'' ''D. simulans''  being twice as common as either of them with ''D. yakuba''.<ref name="Gilbert-et-al-2021" />