Editing Demographics of Germany (section)

==Education==
{{Main|Education in Germany}}
[[File:MSM-sporthalle.jpg|thumb|Cadets of the German Navy exercising in front of one of the gyms of Germany's naval officers school, the Marineschule Mürwik]]

Responsibility for educational oversight in Germany lies primarily with the individual [[States of Germany|federated states]]. Since the 1960s, a reform movement has attempted to unify secondary education into a ''Gesamtschule'' ([[comprehensive school]]); several West German states later simplified their school systems to two or three tiers. A system of apprenticeship called ''Duale Ausbildung'' ("dual education") allows pupils in [[vocational training]] to learn in a company as well as in a state-run vocational school.<ref name="ED"/>

Optional [[kindergarten]] education is provided for all children between three and six years old, after which [[Schulpflicht|school attendance is compulsory]] for at least nine years, depending on the [[States of Germany|state]]. Primary education usually lasts for four years and public schools are not stratified at this stage.<ref name="ED">{{cite web |url=http://lcweb2.loc.gov/frd/cs/profiles/Germany.pdf |title=Country profile: Germany |publisher=Library of Congress |date=April 2008 |access-date=28 March 2011}}</ref> In contrast, secondary education includes three traditional types of schools focused on different levels of academic ability: the ''[[Gymnasium (school)|Gymnasium]]'' enrols the most academically promising children and prepares students for university studies; the ''[[Realschule]]'' for intermediate students lasts six years; the ''[[Hauptschule]]'' prepares pupils for vocational education.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://academic.cuesta.edu/intlang/german/education.html |title=The Educational System in Germany |publisher=Cuesta College |date=31 August 2002 |access-date=16 May 2011 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110513042500/http://academic.cuesta.edu/intlang/german/education.html |archive-date=13 May 2011 }}</ref>

In addition [[Germany]] has a comprehensive school known as the ''[[Gesamtschule]]''. While some German schools such as the [[Gymnasium (Germany)|Gymnasium]] and the [[Realschule]] have rather strict entrance requirements, the Gesamtschule does not have such requirements. They offer college preparatory classes for the students who are doing well, general education classes for average students, and remedial courses for those who aren't doing that well. In most cases students attending a Gesamtschule may graduate with the [[Hauptschulabschluss]], the [[Realschulabschluss]] or the [[Abitur]] depending on how well they did in school.
The percentage of students attending a Gesamtschule varies by [[States of Germany|Bundesland]]. In 2007 the State of Brandenburg more than 50% of all students attended a Gesamtschule,<ref>{{cite web|author=Prof Dr. Valentin Merkelbach|title=Gesamtschulen und Grundschulen sind das Beste in unserem Schulsystem|url=http://bildungsklick.de/a/55873/gesamtschulen-und-grundschulen-sind-das-beste-in-unserem-schulsystem/|website=Bildungsklick.de|access-date=24 August 2017}}</ref> while in the State of Bavaria less than 1% did.

The general entrance requirement for university is [[Abitur]], a qualification normally based on continuous assessment during the last few years at school and final examinations; however there are a number of exceptions, and precise requirements vary, depending on the state, the university and the subject. Germany's universities are recognised internationally; in the [[Academic Ranking of World Universities]] (ARWU) for 2008, six of the top 100 universities in the world are in Germany, and 18 of the top 200.<ref>{{cite web|title=Top 100 World Universities |publisher=[[Academic Ranking of World Universities]] |url=http://www.arwu.org/rank2008/ARWU2008_A(EN).htm |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080822124509/http://www.arwu.org/rank2008/ARWU2008_A%28EN%29.htm |archive-date=22 August 2008 |access-date=28 March 2011 |url-status=dead }}</ref> Nearly all German universities are public institutions, tuition fees in the range of €500 were introduced in some states after 2006, but quickly abolished again until 2014.

''Percentage of jobholders holding [[Hauptschulabschluss]], [[Realschulabschluss]] or Abitur in Germany<ref>{{cite journal
 |last=Frietsch 
 |first=Rainer 
 |date=November 2003 
 |title="Intensivierung" von Bildungsabschlüssen zwischen 1970–2000 
 |journal=Studien zum Deutschen Innovationssystem 
 |issue=5–2004 
 |issn=1613-4338 
 |url=http://www.bmbf.de/pub/sdi_05_04_bildungsintensivierung.pdf 
 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20071007163246/http://www.bmbf.de/pub/sdi_05_04_bildungsintensivierung.pdf
 |archive-date=7 October 2007
|access-date=21 November 2009 |url-status=dead
}}</ref>''

{| class="wikitable"
!
! [[Hauptschulabschluss]]
! [[Realschulabschluss]]
! [[Abitur]]
|-
! 1970
| {{percentage bar|87.7}}
| {{percentage bar|10.9}}
| {{percentage bar|1.4}}
|-
! 1982
| {{percentage bar|79.3}}
| {{percentage bar|17.7}}
| {{percentage bar|3}}
|-
! 1991
| {{percentage bar|66.5}}
| {{percentage bar|27}}
| {{percentage bar|6.5}}
|-
! 2000
| {{percentage bar|54.9}}
| {{percentage bar|34.1}}
| {{percentage bar|11}}
|}

===Literacy===
Over 99% of those of age 15 and above are estimated to be able to read and write. However, a growing number of inhabitants are functionally illiterate. The young are much more likely to be functionally illiterate than the old. According to a study done by the [[University of Bremen]] in cooperation with the "Bundesverband Alphabetisierung e.V.", 10% of youngsters living in Germany are functionally illiterate and one quarter are able to understand only basic level texts.<ref>Teachers News: "Funktionaler Analphabetismus"</ref> Illiteracy rates of youngsters vary by ethnic group and parents' socioeconomic class.