Editing Cystic fibrosis (section)

==Prognosis==
The prognosis for cystic fibrosis has improved due to earlier diagnosis through screening and better treatment and access to health care. In 1959, the median age of survival of children with CF in the United States was six months.<ref name="Davis2006">{{cite journal | vauthors = Davis PB | title = Cystic fibrosis since 1938 | journal = American Journal of Respiratory and Critical Care Medicine | volume = 173 | issue = 5 | pages = 475–482 | date = March 2006 | pmid = 16126935 | doi = 10.1164/rccm.200505-840OE | s2cid = 1770759 }}</ref>
In 2010, survival is estimated to be 37 years for women and 40 for men.<ref name=Mac2014>{{cite journal | vauthors = MacKenzie T, Gifford AH, Sabadosa KA, Quinton HB, Knapp EA, Goss CH, Marshall BC | title = Longevity of patients with cystic fibrosis in 2000 to 2010 and beyond: survival analysis of the Cystic Fibrosis Foundation patient registry | journal = Annals of Internal Medicine | volume = 161 | issue = 4 | pages = 233–241 | date = August 2014 | pmid = 25133359 | pmc = 4687404 | doi = 10.7326/m13-0636 }}</ref> In Canada, median survival increased from 24 years in 1982 to 47.7 in 2007.<ref name="Canadian Cystic Fibrosis Foundation-2007">{{cite web|year=2007 |title=Canadian Cystic Fibrosis Patient Data Registry Report |url=http://www.cysticfibrosis.ca/assets/files/pdf/CPDR_ReportE.pdf |publisher=[[Canadian Cystic Fibrosis Foundation]] |access-date=14 March 2010 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100715043013/http://www.cysticfibrosis.ca/assets/files/pdf/CPDR_ReportE.pdf |archive-date=15 July 2010 }}</ref> In the United States those born with CF in 2016 have a predicted life expectancy of 47.7 when cared for in specialty clinics.<ref name="Annual Data Report 2016 Cystic Fibrosis Foundation Patient Registry">{{cite web |title=Annual Data Report 2016 Cystic Fibrosis Foundation Patient Registry |url=https://www.cff.org/Research/Researcher-Resources/Patient-Registry/2016-Patient-Registry-Annual-Data-Report.pdf |access-date=19 June 2018 |page=4 |archive-date=19 June 2018 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180619190052/https://www.cff.org/Research/Researcher-Resources/Patient-Registry/2016-Patient-Registry-Annual-Data-Report.pdf |url-status=dead }}</ref> Due to the recent development of new treatments, such as CFTR modulators, life expectancy has increased rapidly during recent years. In 2020 the median predicted life expectancy was around 59 years, although there are uncertainties in the estimates due to the low number of annual deaths for persons with cystic fibrosis.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Cystic Fibrosis Foundation |date=September 2021 |title=Patient Registry 2020 Annual Data Report |url=https://www.cff.org/sites/default/files/2021-10/2019-Patient-Registry-Annual-Data-Report.pdf |access-date=26 September 2024 |website=www.cff.org/}}</ref>

In the US, of those with CF who are more than 18 years old as of 2009, 92% had graduated from high school, 67% had at least some college education, 15% were disabled, 9% were unemployed, 56% were single, and 39% were married or living with a partner.<ref name="Cystic Fibrosis Foundation-2009">{{cite web|year=2009 |title=Cystic Fibrosis Patient Registry Annual Data Report 2009 |url=http://www.cff.org/UploadedFiles/research/ClinicalResearch/Patient-Registry-Report-2009.pdf |publisher=[[Cystic Fibrosis Foundation]] |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120105093022/http://www.cff.org/UploadedFiles/research/ClinicalResearch/Patient-Registry-Report-2009.pdf |archive-date=5 January 2012 }}</ref>

===Quality of life===
Chronic illnesses can be difficult to manage. CF is a chronic illness that affects the "digestive and respiratory tracts resulting in generalized malnutrition and chronic respiratory infections".<ref name="pmid10722612">{{cite journal | vauthors = Yu H, Nasr SZ, Deretic V | title = Innate lung defenses and compromised Pseudomonas aeruginosa clearance in the malnourished mouse model of respiratory infections in cystic fibrosis | journal = Infection and Immunity | volume = 68 | issue = 4 | pages = 2142–2147 | date = April 2000 | pmid = 10722612 | pmc = 97396 | doi = 10.1128/IAI.68.4.2142-2147.2000 }}</ref> The thick secretions clog the airways in the lungs, which often cause inflammation and severe lung infections.<ref name=Ratjen03>{{cite journal | vauthors = Ratjen F, Döring G | title = Cystic fibrosis | journal = Lancet | volume = 361 | issue = 9358 | pages = 681–689 | date = February 2003 | pmid = 12606185 | doi = 10.1016/S0140-6736(03)12567-6 | s2cid = 24879334 }}</ref><ref name="pmid9457113">{{cite journal | vauthors = Rosenstein BJ, Zeitlin PL | title = Cystic fibrosis | journal = Lancet | volume = 351 | issue = 9098 | pages = 277–282 | date = January 1998 | pmid = 9457113 | doi = 10.1016/S0140-6736(97)09174-5 | s2cid = 44627706 | doi-access = free }}</ref> If it is compromised, it affects the quality of life of someone with CF and their ability to complete such tasks as everyday chores.{{citation needed|date=July 2022}}

According to Schmitz and Goldbeck (2006), CF significantly increases emotional stress on both the individual and the family, "and the necessary time-consuming daily treatment routine may have further negative effects on quality of life".<ref name="pmid16457728">{{cite journal | vauthors = Schmitz TG, Goldbeck L | title = The effect of inpatient rehabilitation programmes on quality of life in patients with cystic fibrosis: a multi-center study | journal = Health and Quality of Life Outcomes | volume = 4 | pages = 8 | date = February 2006 | pmid = 16457728 | pmc = 1373610 | doi = 10.1186/1477-7525-4-8 | doi-access = free }}</ref> However, Havermans and colleagues (2006) have established that young outpatients with CF who have participated in the Cystic Fibrosis Questionnaire-Revised "rated some quality of life domains higher than did their parents".<ref name="pmid18991968">{{cite journal | vauthors = Hegarty M, Macdonald J, Watter P, Wilson C | title = Quality of life in young people with cystic fibrosis: effects of hospitalization, age and gender, and differences in parent/child perceptions | journal = Child | volume = 35 | issue = 4 | pages = 462–468 | date = July 2009 | pmid = 18991968 | doi = 10.1111/j.1365-2214.2008.00900.x }}<br />{{cite journal | vauthors = Havermans T, Vreys M, Proesmans M, De Boeck C | title = Assessment of agreement between parents and children on health-related quality of life in children with cystic fibrosis | journal = Child | volume = 32 | issue = 1 | pages = 1–7 | date = January 2006 | pmid = 16398786 | doi = 10.1111/j.1365-2214.2006.00564.x }}</ref> Consequently, outpatients with CF have a more positive outlook for themselves. As [[Merck Manual of Diagnosis and Therapy|Merck Manual]] notes, "with appropriate support, most patients can make an age-appropriate adjustment at home and school. Despite myriad problems, the educational, occupational, and marital successes of patients are impressive."<ref name="Cystic Fibrosis - Pediatrics"/>

Furthermore, there are many ways to enhance the quality of life in CF patients. Exercise is promoted to increase lung function. Integrating an exercise regimen into the CF patient's daily routine can significantly improve quality of life.<ref name="pmid9637933">{{cite journal | vauthors = Moorcroft AJ, Dodd ME, Webb AK | title = Exercise limitations and training for patients with cystic fibrosis | journal = Disability and Rehabilitation | volume = 20 | issue = 6–7 | pages = 247–253 | year = 1998 | pmid = 9637933 | doi = 10.3109/09638289809166735 }}</ref> No definitive cure for CF is known, but diverse medications are used, such as mucolytics, bronchodilators, steroids, and antibiotics, that have the purpose of loosening mucus, expanding airways, decreasing inflammation, and fighting lung infections, respectively.<ref name="Cystic Fibrosis Canada-2011">{{cite web|title=Medications |date=2011 |publisher=Cystic Fibrosis Canada |url=http://www.cysticfibrosis.ca/en/treatment/Medications.php |id=No. 10684-5100 RR0001 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110904003635/http://www.cysticfibrosis.ca/en/treatment/Medications.php |archive-date=4 September 2011 }}</ref>