Editing Copper (section)

===Modern===
[[File:AngleseyCopperStream.jpg|right|thumb|[[Acid mine drainage]] affecting the stream running from the disused [[Parys Mountain]] copper mines]]
[[File:Copper Pot.jpg|thumb| 18th-century copper [[kettle]] from Norway made from Swedish copper]]
The [[Great Copper Mountain]] was a mine in Falun, Sweden, that operated from the 10th century to 1992. It satisfied two-thirds of Europe's copper consumption in the 17th century and helped fund many of Sweden's wars during that time.<ref>{{cite book|url = https://books.google.com/books?id=4yp-x3TzDnEC&pg=PA60|page = 60|title = Mining in World History|isbn = 978-1-86189-173-0|author1 = Lynch, Martin|year=2004| publisher=Reaktion Books }}</ref> It was referred to as the nation's treasury; Sweden had a [[History of copper currency in Sweden|copper backed currency]].<ref>{{cite web|title=Gold: prices, facts, figures and research: A brief history of money|url=http://www.galmarley.com/FAQs_pages/monetary_history_faqs.htm#Scandinavian%20copper%20money|access-date=22 April 2011}}</ref>

[[File:Viipuri - Viborg.jpg|thumb|[[Chalcography]] of the city of [[Vyborg]] at the turn of the 17th and 18th centuries. The year 1709 carved on the printing plate.]]
Copper is used in roofing,<ref name="Grieken-2005" /> currency, and for photographic technology known as the [[daguerreotype]]. Copper was used in [[Renaissance]] sculpture, and was used to construct the [[Statue of Liberty]]; copper continues to be used in construction of various types. [[Copper electroplating|Copper plating]] and [[copper sheathing]] were widely used to protect the under-water hulls of ships, a technique pioneered by the British Admiralty in the 18th century.<ref>{{cite web|title = Copper and Brass in Ships|url = https://www.copper.org/education/history/60centuries/industrial_age/copperand.html|access-date = 6 September 2016}}</ref> The [[Norddeutsche Affinerie]] in Hamburg was the first modern [[electroplating]] plant, starting its production in 1876.<ref>{{cite journal|doi = 10.1002/adem.200400403|title = Process Optimization in Copper Electrorefining|date = 2004|author = Stelter, M.|journal = Advanced Engineering Materials|volume = 6|issue = 7|pages=558–562|last2 = Bombach|first2 = H.| s2cid=138550311 }}</ref> The German scientist [[Gottfried Osann]] invented [[powder metallurgy]] in 1830 while determining the metal's atomic mass; around then it was discovered that the amount and type of alloying element (e.g., tin) to copper would affect bell tones.{{Citation needed|date=January 2021}}

During the rise in demand for copper for the Age of Electricity, from the 1880s until the Great Depression of the 1930s, the United States produced one third to half the world's newly mined copper.<ref>{{cite book |last1=Gardner |first1=E. D. |display-authors=et al |title=Copper Mining in North America |date=1938 |publisher=U. S. Bureau of Mines |location=Washington, D. C. |url=https://digital.library.unt.edu/ark:/67531/metadc12571/ |access-date=19 March 2019}}</ref> Major districts included the Keweenaw district of northern Michigan, primarily native copper deposits, which was eclipsed by the vast sulphide deposits of [[Butte, Montana]], in the late 1880s, which itself was eclipsed by porphyry deposits of the Southwest United States, especially at [[Bingham Canyon, Utah]], and [[Morenci, Arizona]]. Introduction of open pit steam shovel mining and innovations in smelting, refining, flotation concentration and other processing steps led to mass production. Early in the twentieth century, [[Arizona]] ranked first, followed by [[Montana]], then [[Utah]] and [[Michigan]].<ref>{{cite book |last1=Hyde |first1=Charles |title=Copper for America, the United States Copper Industry from Colonial Times to the 1990s |date=1998 |publisher=University of Arizona Press |location=Tucson, Arizona |isbn=0-8165-1817-3 |page=passim}}</ref>

[[Flash smelting]] was developed by [[Outokumpu]] in Finland and first applied at [[Harjavalta]] in 1949; the energy-efficient process accounts for 50% of the world's primary copper production.<ref>{{cite web|url = http://www.outokumpu.com/files/Technology/Documents/Newlogobrochures/FlashSmelting.pdf|archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20110724043222/http://www.outokumpu.com/files/Technology/Documents/Newlogobrochures/FlashSmelting.pdf|archive-date = 24 July 2011|title = Outokumpu Flash Smelting|publisher = [[Outokumpu]]|page = 2}}</ref>

The [[Intergovernmental Council of Copper Exporting Countries]], formed in 1967 by Chile, Peru, Zaire and Zambia, operated in the copper market as [[OPEC]] does in oil, though it never achieved the same influence, particularly because the second-largest producer, the United States, was never a member; it was dissolved in 1988.<ref>{{cite journal |author=Karen A. Mingst |date=1976 |title=Cooperation or illusion: an examination of the intergovernmental council of copper exporting countries |journal=International Organization |volume=30 |issue=2 |pages=263–287 |doi=10.1017/S0020818300018270|s2cid=154183817 }}</ref>

In 2008, China became the world's largest importer of copper and has continued to be as of at least 2023.<ref name=":0">{{Cite book |last=Massot |first=Pascale |title=China's Vulnerability Paradox: How the World's Largest Consumer Transformed Global Commodity Markets |date=2024 |publisher=[[Oxford University Press]] |isbn=978-0-19-777140-2 |location=New York, NY, United States of America |pages=}}</ref>{{Rp|page=187}}