Editing Computer program (section)

====Prolog====
[[Prolog]] (1972) stands for "PROgramming in LOGic". It is a [[logic programming]] language, based on formal [[logic]]. The language was developed by [[Alain Colmerauer]] and Philippe Roussel in Marseille, France. It is an implementation of [[SLD resolution|Selective Linear Definite clause resolution]], pioneered by [[Robert Kowalski]] and others at the [[University of Edinburgh]].<ref>{{Cite journal
 | publisher = Association for Computing Machinery
 | doi = 10.1145/155360.155362
 | first1 = A.
 | last1 = Colmerauer
 | first2 = P.
 | last2 = Roussel
 | title = The birth of Prolog
 | journal = ACM SIGPLAN Notices
 | volume = 28
 | issue = 3
 | page = 5
 | year = 1992
 | url=http://alain.colmerauer.free.fr/alcol/ArchivesPublications/PrologHistory/19november92.pdf}}</ref>

The building blocks of a Prolog program are ''facts'' and ''rules''. Here is a simple example:
<syntaxhighlight lang=prolog>
cat(tom).                        % tom is a cat
mouse(jerry).                    % jerry is a mouse

animal(X) :- cat(X).             % each cat is an animal
animal(X) :- mouse(X).           % each mouse is an animal

big(X)   :- cat(X).              % each cat is big
small(X) :- mouse(X).            % each mouse is small

eat(X,Y) :- mouse(X), cheese(Y). % each mouse eats each cheese
eat(X,Y) :- big(X),   small(Y).  % each big animal eats each small animal
</syntaxhighlight>

After all the facts and rules are entered, then a question can be asked:
: Will Tom eat Jerry?
<syntaxhighlight lang=prolog>
?- eat(tom,jerry).
true
</syntaxhighlight>

The following example shows how Prolog will convert a letter grade to its numeric value:
<syntaxhighlight lang="prolog">
numeric_grade('A', 4).
numeric_grade('B', 3).
numeric_grade('C', 2).
numeric_grade('D', 1).
numeric_grade('F', 0).
numeric_grade(X, -1) :- not X = 'A', not X = 'B', not X = 'C', not X = 'D', not X = 'F'.
grade('The Student', 'A').
</syntaxhighlight>
<syntaxhighlight lang="prolog">
?- grade('The Student', X), numeric_grade(X, Y).
X = 'A',
Y = 4
</syntaxhighlight>

Here is a comprehensive example:<ref name="Logical English">Kowalski, R., Dávila, J., Sartor, G. and Calejo, M., 2023. Logical English for law and education. In Prolog: The Next 50 Years (pp. 287-299). Cham: Springer Nature Switzerland.</ref>

1) All dragons billow fire, or equivalently, a thing billows fire if the thing is a dragon:
<syntaxhighlight lang="prolog">
billows_fire(X) :-
    is_a_dragon(X).
</syntaxhighlight>
2) A creature billows fire if one of its parents billows fire:
<syntaxhighlight lang="prolog">
billows_fire(X) :-
    is_a_creature(X),
    is_a_parent_of(Y,X),
    billows_fire(Y).
</syntaxhighlight>
3) A thing X is a parent of a thing Y if X is the mother of Y or X is the father of Y:
<syntaxhighlight lang="prolog">
is_a_parent_of(X, Y):- is_the_mother_of(X, Y).
is_a_parent_of(X, Y):- is_the_father_of(X, Y).
</syntaxhighlight>

4) A thing is a creature if the thing is a dragon:
<syntaxhighlight lang="prolog">
is_a_creature(X) :-
    is_a_dragon(X).
</syntaxhighlight>

5) Norberta is a dragon, and Puff is a creature. Norberta is the mother of Puff.

<syntaxhighlight lang="prolog">
is_a_dragon(norberta).
is_a_creature(puff).
is_the_mother_of(norberta, puff).
</syntaxhighlight>

Rule (2) is a [[Recursion (computer science)|recursive]] (inductive) definition. It can be understood declaratively, without the need to understand how it is executed.

Rule (3) shows how [[Function (computer programming)|functions]] are represented by using relations. Here, the mother and father functions ensure that every individual has only one mother and only one father.

Prolog is an untyped language. Nonetheless, [[Inheritance (object-oriented programming)|inheritance]] can be represented by using predicates. Rule (4) asserts that a creature is a superclass of a dragon.

Questions are answered using [[backward reasoning]]. Given the question:

<syntaxhighlight lang="prolog"> ?- billows_fire(X).
 </syntaxhighlight>
Prolog generates two answers :
<syntaxhighlight lang="prolog">
X = norberta
X = puff
 </syntaxhighlight>

Practical applications for Prolog are [[knowledge representation]] and [[problem solving]] in [[artificial intelligence]].