Editing Cleopatra (section)

=====Greco-Roman busts and heads=====
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| footer = An ancient [[Roman sculpture|Roman]] [[Roman portraiture|portrait head]], {{circa|50–30 BC}}, now located in the [[British Museum]], London, that depicts a woman from Ptolemaic Egypt, either Queen Cleopatra or a member of her entourage during her 46–44 BC visit to Rome with her lover [[Julius Caesar]]{{sfnp|Walker|Higgs|2017|}}
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Of the surviving Greco-Roman-style busts and heads of Cleopatra,<ref group="note">There is academic disagreement on whether the following portraits are considered "heads" or "busts". For instance, {{harvtxt|Raia|Sebesta|2017}} exclusively uses the former, while {{harvtxt|Grout|2017b|}} prefers the latter.</ref> the sculpture known as the "[[commons:Category:Bust of Cleopatra VII in the Altes Museum Berlin|Berlin Cleopatra]]", located in the [[Antikensammlung Berlin]] collection at the Altes Museum, possesses her full nose, whereas the head known as the "[[commons:Category:Bust of Cleopatra VII in the Vatican Museums, Museo Gregoriano Profano|Vatican Cleopatra]]", located in the Vatican Museums, is damaged with a missing nose.{{sfnp|Roller|2010|pp=174–175}}{{sfnp|Pina Polo|2013|pp=185–186}}{{sfnp|Fletcher|2008|pp=198–199}}<ref group="note">For further information and validation, see {{harvtxt|Curtius|1933|pp=182–192}}, {{harvtxt|Walker|2008|p=348}}, {{harvtxt|Raia|Sebesta|2017}} and {{harvtxt|Grout|2017b|}}.</ref> Both the Berlin Cleopatra and Vatican Cleopatra have royal diadems, similar facial features, and perhaps once resembled the face of her bronze statue housed in the Temple of Venus Genetrix.{{sfnp|Pina Polo|2013|pp=185–186}}{{sfnp|Kleiner|2005|pp=151–153, 155}}{{sfnp|Fletcher|2008|pp=198–199}}<ref group="note">For further information and validation, see {{harvtxt|Grout|2017b|}} and {{harvtxt|Roller|2010|pp=174–175}}.</ref>

Both heads are dated to the mid-1st century BC and were found in Roman villas along the [[Via Appia]] in Italy, the Vatican Cleopatra having been unearthed in the [[Villa of the Quintilii]].{{sfnp|Grout|2017b|}}{{sfnp|Roller|2010|pp=174–175}}{{sfnp|Fletcher|2008|pp=198–199}}<ref group="note">For further information, see {{harvtxt|Curtius|1933|pp=182–192}}, {{harvtxt|Walker|2008|p=348}} and {{harvtxt|Raia|Sebesta|2017}}.</ref> Francisco Pina Polo writes that Cleopatra's coinage present her image with certainty and asserts that the sculpted portrait of the Berlin head is confirmed as having a similar profile with her hair pulled back into a bun, a diadem, and a hooked nose.{{sfnp|Pina Polo|2013|pp=184–186}}<ref group="note">[[Blaise Pascal]] remarked in his ''[[Pensées]]'' (1670): "Cleopatra's nose: had it been shorter, the whole aspect of the world would have been altered." {{harv|Pascal|1910|loc=sec. II, no. 162}} According to {{harv|Perry|Williams|2019}}, a less aquiline nose would have diminished her chances of becoming ruler of Egypt and attract men of the [[First Triumvirate|First]] and [[Second Triumvirate]], which would have changed the [[Battle of Actium]], and subsequent European history.</ref>

A third [[commons:category:Bust of Cleopatra Selene II (Archaeological Museum of Cherchell)|sculpted portrait of Cleopatra]] accepted by scholars as being authentic survives at the [[Archaeological Museum of Cherchell]], Algeria.{{sfnp|Varner|2004|p=20}}{{sfnp|Ferroukhi|2001a|p=219}}{{sfnp|Kleiner|2005|pp=155–156}} This portrait features the royal diadem and similar facial features as the Berlin and Vatican heads, but has a more unique hairstyle and may actually depict Cleopatra Selene II, daughter of Cleopatra.{{sfnp|Kleiner|2005|pp=155–156}}{{sfnp|Preston|2009|p=305}}{{sfnp|Roller|2003|p=139}}<ref group="note" name="Cherchel bust">{{harvtxt|Ferroukhi|2001a|p=219}} provides a detailed discussion about [[commons:category:Bust of Cleopatra Selene II (Archaeological Museum of Cherchell)|this bust]] and its ambiguities, noting that it could represent Cleopatra, but that it is more likely her daughter [[Cleopatra Selene II]]. {{harvtxt|Kleiner|2005|pp=155–156}} argues in favor of its depicting Cleopatra rather than her daughter, while {{harvtxt|Varner|2004|p=20}} mentions only Cleopatra as a possible likeness. {{harvtxt|Roller|2003|p=139}} observes that it could be either Cleopatra or Cleopatra Selene II, while arguing the same ambiguity applies to [[commons:File:An ancient Roman bust of Cleopatra VII of Ptolemaic Egypt2.jpg|the other sculpted head from Cherchel featuring a veil]]. In regards to the latter head, {{harvtxt|Ferroukhi|2001b|p=242}} indicates it as a possible portrait of Cleopatra, not Cleoptra Selene II, from the early 1st century AD while also arguing that its masculine features, earrings, and apparent [[toga]] (the veil being a component of it) could likely mean it was intended to depict a [[Numidians|Numidian]] nobleman. {{harvtxt|Fletcher|2008|loc=image plates between pp. 246–247}} disagrees about the veiled head, arguing that it was commissioned by Cleopatra Selene II at Iol (Caesarea Mauretaniae) and was meant to depict her mother, Cleopatra.</ref> A possible [[Parian marble|Parian-marble]] [[:File:Isismontemartini.JPG|sculpture of Cleopatra]] wearing a vulture headdress in Egyptian style is located at the Capitoline Museums.{{sfnp|Fletcher|2008|pp=199–200}} Discovered near a sanctuary of Isis in Rome and dated to the 1st century BC, it is either Roman or Hellenistic-Egyptian in origin.{{sfnp|Ashton|2001a|p=217}}

Other possible sculpted depictions of Cleopatra include one in the [[British Museum]], London, made of limestone, which perhaps only depicts a woman in her entourage during her trip to Rome.{{sfnp|Raia|Sebesta|2017}}{{sfnp|Walker|Higgs|2017|}} The woman in [[commons:Category:Bust of Cleopatra VII in the British Museum|this portrait]] has facial features similar to others (including the pronounced aquiline nose), but lacks a royal diadem and sports a different hairstyle.{{sfnp|Raia|Sebesta|2017}}{{sfnp|Walker|Higgs|2017|}} However, the British Museum head, once belonging to a full statue, could potentially represent Cleopatra at a different stage in her life and may also betray an effort by Cleopatra to discard the use of royal insignia (i.e. the diadem) to make herself more appealing to the citizens of Republican Rome.{{sfnp|Walker|Higgs|2017|}} [[Duane W. Roller]] speculates that the British Museum head, along with those in the [[Egyptian Museum]], Cairo, the Capitoline Museums, and in the private collection of Maurice Nahmen, while having similar facial features and hairstyles as the Berlin portrait but lacking a royal diadem, most likely represent members of the royal court or even Roman women imitating Cleopatra's popular hairstyle.{{sfnp|Roller|2010|pp=175–176}}

<gallery widths="165px" heights="200px" perrow="4">
File:Cleopatra VII, Marble, 40-30 BC, Vatican Museums 001.jpg|Cleopatra, mid-1st century BC, with a "melon" hairstyle and [[Hellenistic]] royal [[diadem]] worn over her head, now in the [[Vatican Museums]]{{sfnp|Raia|Sebesta|2017}}{{sfnp|Grout|2017b|}}{{sfnp|Roller|2010|pp=174–175}}
File:Cleopatra VII, Marble, 40-30 BC, Vatican Museums 003.jpg|Profile view of the Vatican Cleopatra
File:-0035 Altes Museum Portrait Kleopatra VII anagoria.JPG|Cleopatra, mid-1st century BC, showing Cleopatra with a "melon" hairstyle and [[Hellenistic]] royal [[diadem]] worn over the head, now in the [[Altes Museum]]{{sfnp|Raia|Sebesta|2017}}{{sfnp|Grout|2017b|}}{{sfnp|Roller|2010|pp=174–175}}
File:Bust of Cleopatra VII - Altes Museum - Berlin - Germany 2017 (3).jpg|Profile view of the Berlin Cleopatra
</gallery>