Editing Citizenship (section)

==Criticism==
The concept of citizenship is criticized by [[open borders]] advocates, who argue that it functions as a [[caste]], [[feudal]], or [[apartheid]] system in which people are assigned dramatically different opportunities based on the accident of birth. It is also criticized by some [[libertarian]]s, especially [[anarcho-capitalist]]s. In 1987, moral philosopher [[Joseph Carens]] argued that "citizenship in Western liberal democracies is the modern equivalent of feudal privilege—an inherited status that greatly enhances one's life chances. Like feudal birthright privileges, restrictive citizenship is hard to justify when one thinks about it closely".<ref>{{cite journal |last1=Ochoa Espejo |first1=Paulina |title=Why borders do matter morally: The role of place in immigrants' rights |journal=Constellations |date=2018 |volume=25 |issue=1 |pages=71–86 |doi=10.1111/1467-8675.12340}}</ref><ref>{{cite journal |last1=Vladimirovich Kochenov |first1=Dimitry|authorlink=Dimitry Kochenov |title=Ending the passport apartheid. The alternative to citizenship is no citizenship—A reply |journal=International Journal of Constitutional Law |date=2020 |volume=18 |issue=4 |pages=1525–1530 |doi=10.1093/icon/moaa108|doi-access=free }}</ref><ref>{{cite journal |last1=Sacco |first1=Steven |title=Abolishing Citizenship: Resolving the Irreconcilability Between "Soil" and "Blood" Political Membership and Anti-Racist Democracy |journal=Georgetown Immigration Law Journal |date=2022 |volume=36 |issue=2 |url=https://www.law.georgetown.edu/immigration-law-journal/in-print/volume-36-number-2-winter-2021/volume-36-number-2-winter-2021-5/}}</ref>