Editing Chromium (section)

=== Dietary recommendations ===
{{anchor|Dietary recommendations}}
{{See also|Chromium deficiency}}
There is disagreement on chromium's status as an essential nutrient. Governmental departments from Australia, New Zealand, India, and Japan consider chromium as essential,<ref name="AustraliaNZ" /><ref name="India" /><ref name="Japan" /> while the United States and European Food Safety Authority of the European Union do not.<ref name=ods/><ref name="efsa" />

The U.S. [[National Academy of Medicine]] (NAM) updated the [[Dietary Reference Intake#Parameters|Estimated Average Requirements]] (EARs) and the [[Dietary Reference Intake#Parameters|Recommended Dietary Allowances]] (RDAs) for chromium in 2001. For chromium, there was insufficient information to set EARs and RDAs, so its needs are described as estimates for [[Dietary Reference Intake#Parameters|Adequate Intake]] (AI). From a 2001 assessment, AI of chromium for women ages 14 through 50 is 25&nbsp;μg/day, and the AI for women ages 50 and above is 20&nbsp;μg/day. The AIs for women who are pregnant are 30&nbsp;μg/day, and for women who are lactating, the set AI is 45&nbsp;μg/day. The AI for men ages 14 through 50 is 35&nbsp;μg/day, and the AI for men ages 50 and above is 30&nbsp;μg/day. For children ages 1 through 13, the AI increases with age from 0.2&nbsp;μg/day up to 25&nbsp;μg/day.<ref name=ods/> As for safety, the NAM sets [[Dietary Reference Intake#Parameters|Tolerable Upper Intake Levels]] (ULs) for vitamins and minerals when the evidence is sufficient. In the case of chromium, there is not yet enough information, hence no UL has been established. Collectively, the EARs, RDAs, AIs, and ULs are the parameters for the nutrition recommendation system known as [[Dietary Reference Intake]] (DRI).<ref name="IOM-Chromium">{{cite web |url=https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK222329/ |title=Chromium. IN: Dietary Reference Intakes for Vitamin A, Vitamin K, Arsenic, Boron, Chromium, Chromium, Iodine, Iron, Manganese, Molybdenum, Nickel, Silicon, Vanadium, and Chromium |date=2001 |pages=197–223 |website=Institute of Medicine (U.S.) Panel on Micronutrients, National Academy Press |access-date=3 October 2018 |archive-date=24 January 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210124005559/https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK222329/ |url-status=live }}</ref> 

Australia and New Zealand consider chromium to be an essential nutrient, with an AI of 35&nbsp;μg/day for men, 25&nbsp;μg/day for women, 30&nbsp;μg/day for women who are pregnant, and 45&nbsp;μg/day for women who are lactating. A UL has not been set due to the lack of sufficient data.<ref name="AustraliaNZ">{{cite web |url=https://www.nrv.gov.au/nutrients/chromium |title=Chromium |date=2014 |website=Nutrient Reference Values for Australia and New Zealand |access-date=4 October 2018 |archive-date=7 October 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211007100635/https://www.nrv.gov.au/nutrients/chromium |url-status=live }}</ref> India considers chromium to be an essential nutrient, with an adult recommended intake of 33&nbsp;μg/day.<ref name="India">{{cite web |url=http://icmr.nic.in/final/rda-2010.pdf |title=Nutrient Requirements and Recommended Dietary Allowances for Indians: A Report of the Expert Group of the Indian Council of Medical Research. pp.283–295 (2009)  |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160615094048/http://icmr.nic.in/final/RDA-2010.pdf |archive-date=15 June 2016 |access-date=3 October 2018 }}</ref> Japan also considers chromium to be an essential nutrient, with an AI of 10&nbsp;μg/day for adults, including women who are pregnant or lactating. A UL has not been set.<ref name="Japan">{{cite web |url=http://www.mhlw.go.jp/file/06-Seisakujouhou-10900000-Kenkoukyoku/Overview.pdf |title=DRIs for Chromium (μg/day) |date=2015 |page=41 |website=Overview of Dietary Reference Intakes for Japanese |access-date=4 October 2018 |archive-date=23 April 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210423083531/https://www.mhlw.go.jp/file/06-Seisakujouhou-10900000-Kenkoukyoku/Overview.pdf |url-status=live }}</ref> 

The EFSA does not consider chromium to be an essential nutrient.<ref name=efsa/><ref name="EFSA17">{{cite web|title = Overview on Dietary Reference Values for the EU population as derived by the EFSA Panel on Dietetic Products, Nutrition and Allergies|year = 2017|url = https://www.efsa.europa.eu/sites/default/files/assets/DRV_Summary_tables_jan_17.pdf|access-date = 5 September 2017|archive-date = 28 August 2017|archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20170828082247/https://www.efsa.europa.eu/sites/default/files/assets/DRV_Summary_tables_jan_17.pdf|url-status = live}}</ref><ref>{{citation|title = Tolerable Upper Intake Levels For Vitamins And Minerals|publisher = European Food Safety Authority|year = 2006|url = http://www.efsa.europa.eu/sites/default/files/efsa_rep/blobserver_assets/ndatolerableuil.pdf|access-date = 24 July 2016|archive-date = 16 March 2016|archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20160316225123/http://www.efsa.europa.eu/sites/default/files/efsa_rep/blobserver_assets/ndatolerableuil.pdf|url-status = live}}</ref>

====Labeling====
For U.S. food and dietary supplement labeling purposes, the amount of the substance in a serving is expressed as a percent of the [[Reference Daily Intake|Daily Value]] (%DV). For chromium labeling purposes, 100% of the Daily Value was 120&nbsp;μg. As of 27&nbsp;May 2016, the percentage of daily value was revised to 35&nbsp;μg to bring the chromium intake into a consensus with the official [[Dietary Reference Intake|Recommended Dietary Allowance]].<ref name="FedReg">{{cite web|url = https://www.gpo.gov/fdsys/pkg/FR-2016-05-27/pdf/2016-11867.pdf|title = Federal Register May 27, 2016 Food Labeling: Revision of the Nutrition and Supplement Facts Labels. FR page 33982|access-date = 31 August 2017|archive-date = 8 August 2016|archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20160808164651/https://www.gpo.gov/fdsys/pkg/FR-2016-05-27/pdf/2016-11867.pdf|url-status = live}}</ref><ref>{{cite web | title=Daily Value Reference of the Dietary Supplement Label Database (DSLD) | website=Dietary Supplement Label Database (DSLD) | url=https://www.dsld.nlm.nih.gov/dsld/dailyvalue.jsp | access-date=16 May 2020 | archive-date=7 April 2020 | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200407073956/https://dsld.nlm.nih.gov/dsld/dailyvalue.jsp  }}</ref> A table of the old and new adult daily values in the United States is provided at [[Reference Daily Intake]].

After evaluation of research on the potential nutritional value of chromium, the European Food Safety Authority concluded that there was no evidence of benefit by dietary chromium in healthy people, thereby declining to establish recommendations in Europe for dietary intake of chromium.<ref name=efsa/>