Editing China (section)

=== Government ===
{{Main|Government of China}}

{{See also|List of national leaders of the People's Republic of China}}
{{multiple image
| perrow            = 2
| align             = right
| direction         = horizontal
| caption_align     = center
| image1            = 习近平 Xi Jinping 20221023 02.jpg
| caption1          = [[Xi Jinping]]<br/><small>[[General Secretary of the Chinese Communist Party|CCP General Secretary]]
and [[President of China|President]]</small>
| width1            = 120
| image2            = 李强 Li Qiang 20221023.jpg
| caption2          = [[Li Qiang]]<br/><small>[[Premier of China|Premier]]</small>
| width2            = 120
| image3            = 赵乐际 Zhao Leji 20221023.jpg
| caption3          = [[Zhao Leji]]<br/><small>[[Chairman of the Standing Committee of the National People's Congress|Congress Chairman]]</small>
| width3            = 122
| total_width       = 
| image4            = 王沪宁 Wang Huning 20221023.jpg
| width4            = 122
| caption4          = [[Wang Huning]]<br/><small>[[Chairman of the Chinese People's Political Consultative Conference|CPPCC Chairman]]</small>
}}

The government in China is under the sole control of the CCP.<ref name=":12">{{Cite news |last=Ma |first=Josephine |date=17 May 2021 |title=Party-state relations under China's Communist Party: separation of powers, control over government and reforms |url=https://www.scmp.com/news/china/politics/article/3133672/why-chinas-communist-party-inseparable-state |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230528070726/https://www.scmp.com/news/china/politics/article/3133672/why-chinas-communist-party-inseparable-state |archive-date=28 May 2023 |access-date=23 June 2023 |work=[[South China Morning Post]]}}</ref> The CCP controls appointments in government bodies, with most senior government officials being CCP members.<ref name=":12" />

The [[National People's Congress]] (NPC), with nearly 3,000-members, is constitutionally the "[[highest organ of state power]]",<ref name="Constitution" /> though it has been also described as a "[[rubber stamp (politics)|rubber stamp]]" body.<ref name="BBC News-2009">{{Cite news |title=How China is Ruled: National People's Congress |url=http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/shared/spl/hi/in_depth/china_politics/government/html/7.stm |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200413113056/http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/shared/spl/hi/in_depth/china_politics/government/html/7.stm |archive-date=13 April 2020 |access-date=14 July 2009 |publisher=[[BBC News]]}}</ref> The NPC meets annually, while the [[Standing Committee of the National People's Congress|NPC Standing Committee]], around 150 members elected from NPC delegates, meets every couple of months.<ref name="BBC News-2009" /> Elections are indirect and not pluralistic, with nominations at all levels being controlled by the CCP.<ref name="Decoding China-2021">{{Cite web |date=4 February 2021 |title=Democracy |url=https://decodingchina.eu/democracy |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220816041118/https://decodingchina.eu/democracy |archive-date=16 August 2022 |access-date=22 August 2022 |website=Decoding China |publisher=[[Heidelberg University]]}}</ref> The NPC is dominated by the CCP, with another [[Democratic parties (China)|eight minor parties]] having nominal representation under the condition of upholding CCP leadership.<ref name="HRW-2021">{{Cite web |title=China: Nipped In The Bud – Background |url=https://www.hrw.org/reports/2000/china/china009-01.htm |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210416135228/https://www.hrw.org/reports/2000/china/china009-01.htm |archive-date=16 April 2021 |access-date=18 March 2021 |website=[[Human Rights Watch]]}}</ref>

The [[President of China|president]] is elected by the NPC. The presidency is the ceremonial state representative, but not the constitutional head of state. The incumbent president is Xi Jinping, who is also the general secretary of the CCP and the [[Chairman of the Central Military Commission (China)|chairman of the Central Military Commission]], making him China's [[paramount leader]] and [[Supreme command of the armed forces in the People's Republic of China|supreme commander]] of the Armed Forces. The [[Premier of China|premier]] is the [[head of government]], with [[Li Qiang]] being the incumbent. The premier is officially nominated by the president and then elected by the NPC, and has generally been either the second- or third-ranking member of the Politburo Standing Committee (PSC). The premier presides over the [[State Council of China|State Council]], China's cabinet, composed of four vice premiers, [[State councillor|state councilors]], and the heads of ministries and commissions.<ref name="Constitution" /> The [[Chinese People's Political Consultative Conference]] (CPPCC) is a political advisory body that is critical in China's "[[United Front (China)|united front]]" system, which aims to gather non-CCP voices to support the CCP. Similar to the people's congresses, CPPCC's exist at various division, with the [[National Committee of the Chinese People's Political Consultative Conference|National Committee of the CPPCC]] being chaired by [[Wang Huning]], fourth-ranking member of the PSC.<ref>{{Cite news |last=Tiezzi |first=Shannon |date=4 March 2021 |title=What Is the CPPCC Anyway? |url=https://thediplomat.com/2021/03/what-is-the-cppcc-anyway |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240328020922/https://thediplomat.com/2021/03/what-is-the-cppcc-anyway |archive-date=28 March 2024 |access-date=21 August 2022 |work=[[The Diplomat (magazine)|The Diplomat]]}}</ref>

The governance of China is characterized by a high degree of political centralization but significant economic decentralization.<ref name=":0">{{Cite book |last=Jin |first=Keyu |author-link=Keyu Jin |title=The New China Playbook: Beyond Socialism and Capitalism |date=2023 |publisher=Viking |isbn=978-1-9848-7828-1}}</ref>{{Rp|page=7}} Policy instruments or processes are often tested locally before being applied more widely, resulting in a policy that involves experimentation and feedback.<ref>{{Cite book |last=Heilmann |first=Sebastian |author-link=Sebastian Heilmann |title=Red Swan: How Unorthodox Policy-Making Facilitated China's Rise |date=2018 |publisher=[[The Chinese University of Hong Kong Press]] |isbn=978-9-6299-6827-4}}</ref>{{Rp|page=14}} Generally, central government leadership refrains from drafting specific policies, instead using the informal networks and site visits to affirm or suggest changes to the direction of local policy experiments or pilot programs.<ref name=":44">{{Cite book |last=Brussee |first=Vincent |title=Social Credit: The Warring States of China's Emerging Data Empire |date=2023 |publisher=[[Palgrave MacMillan]] |isbn=978-9-8199-2188-1}}</ref>{{Rp|page=71}} The typical approach is that central government leadership begins drafting formal policies, law, or regulations after policy has been developed at local levels.<ref name=":44" />{{Rp|page=71}}