Editing Charles Babbage (section)

===Analytical Engine===
{{main|Analytical Engine}}
[[File:Babbages Analytical Engine, 1834-1871. (9660574685).jpg|thumb|Portion of the mill with a printing mechanism of the Analytical Engine, built by Charles Babbage, as displayed at the Science Museum (London)]]
After the attempt at making the first difference engine fell through, Babbage worked to design a more complex machine called the Analytical Engine. He hired C. G. Jarvis, who had previously worked for Clement as a draughtsman.<ref name="CollierMacLachlan2000">{{cite book|author1=Bruce Collier|author2=James MacLachlan|title=Charles Babbage: And the Engines of Perfection|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=-vzMEwf-bHEC&pg=PA65|year=2000|publisher=Oxford University Press|isbn=978-0-19-514287-7|page=65}}</ref> The Analytical Engine marks the transition from mechanised arithmetic to fully-fledged general purpose computation. It is largely on it that Babbage's standing as computer pioneer rests.<ref>{{cite web|title=The Baggage Engine|url=http://www.computerhistory.org/babbage/|publisher=Computer History Museum|access-date=6 March 2013}}</ref>

The major innovation was that the Analytical Engine was to be programmed using [[punched card]]s: the Engine was intended to use loops of [[Jacquard loom|Jacquard's]] punched cards to control a mechanical calculator, which could use as input the results of preceding computations.<ref name="Ceruzzi, Paul">{{cite book|last=Ceruzzi|first=Paul|title=Computing: A Concise History|year=2012|publisher=Smithsonian Institution|location=United States|isbn=978-0-262-51767-6|pages=7–8}}</ref><ref name="Gross">{{cite journal|last1=Gross|first1=Benjamin|title=The French connection|journal=Distillations Magazine|date=Fall 2015|volume=1|issue=3|pages=10–13|url=https://www.sciencehistory.org/distillations/magazine/the-french-connection|access-date=22 March 2018}}</ref> The machine was also intended to employ several features subsequently used in modern computers, including sequential control, branching and looping. It would have been the first mechanical device to be, in principle, [[Turing-complete]]. Charles Babbage wrote a series of programs for the Analytical Engine from 1837 to 1840.<ref name="IEEE2021">{{Cite journal | last1 = Rojas | first1 = R. | title = The Computer Programs of Charles Babbage | journal = IEEE Annals of the History of Computing | volume = 43 | issue = 1 | pages = 6–18 | year = 2024 | doi = 10.1109/MAHC.2020.3045717}}</ref> The first program was finished in 1837.<ref name="IEEE2024">{{Cite journal | last1 = Rojas | first1 = R. | title = The First Computer Program | journal = Communications of the ACM | volume = 67 | issue = 6 | pages = 78–81 | year = 2024 | doi = 10.1145/3624731| doi-access = free }}</ref> The Engine was not a single physical machine, but rather a succession of designs that Babbage tinkered with until his death in 1871.<ref>{{Cite journal |last=Ashworth |first=William J. |date=March 2002 |title=Bruce Collier; James MacLachlan. ''Charles Babbage and the Engines of Perfection''. 123 pp., illus., figs., tables, apps., bibl., index. New York/Oxford: Oxford University Press, 2000. $11.95 (paper). |url=https://doi.org/10.1086/343300 |journal=Isis |volume=93 |issue=1 |pages=127–128 |doi=10.1086/343300 |issn=0021-1753}}</ref>
[[File:Opening George III museum.jpg|thumb|Part of the Analytical Engine on display, in 1843, left of centre in this engraving of the [[King George III Museum]] in [[King's College, London]]]]