Editing Carl Jung (section)

===Collective unconscious===
{{main|Collective unconscious}}
Since the establishment of [[psychoanalytic theory]], the notion and meaning of individuals having a [[personal unconscious|''personal'' unconscious]] has gradually come to be commonly accepted.  This was popularised by both Freud and Jung.  Whereas an individual's personal unconscious is made up of thoughts and emotions that have, at some time, been experienced or held in mind but which have been repressed or forgotten, in contrast, the ''collective'' unconscious is neither acquired by activities within an individual's life nor a container of things that are thoughts, memories or ideas which are capable of being conscious during one's life. The contents of it were never naturally "known" through physical or cognitive experience and then forgotten.

The collective unconscious consists of universal heritable elements common to all humans, distinct from other species.<ref>{{cite book |author=Carl Jung  |title=''The Archetypes and the Collective Unconscious'', Collected Works, Volume 9, Part 1  |chapter=''Psychological Aspects of the Mother Archetype'' <!-- |year=1959 --> |publisher=Princeton University Press |isbn=978-0-691-01833-1 |at=para. 152 }}</ref> However, this does not necessarily imply a genetic cause. It encapsulates fields of evolutionary biology, history of civilization, ethnology, brain and nervous system development, and general psychological development.<ref name="CW9_1__90_92_118">{{cite book |author=Carl Jung  |title=''The Archetypes and the Collective Unconscious'', Collected Works, Volume 9, Part 1 <!-- |year=1959 --> |publisher=Princeton University Press |isbn=978-0-691-01833-1 |at=para. 90-92,118 }}</ref> Considering its composition in practical physiological and psychological terms, "it consists of pre-existent forms, the archetypes, which can only become conscious secondarily and which give definite form to certain psychic contents."<ref name="CW9_1__90_92_118" />  Jung writes about causal factors in personal psychology as stemming from, influenced by an abstraction of the impersonal physical layer, the common and universal physiology among all humans.<ref name="CW9_1__91">{{cite book |author=Carl Jung  |title=''The Archetypes and the Collective Unconscious'', Collected Works, Volume 9, Part 1 <!-- |year=1959 --> |publisher=Princeton University Press |isbn=978-0-691-01833-1 |at=para. 91 }}</ref> Jung considers that science would hardly deny the existence and basic nature of "instincts", existing as a whole set of motivating urges. The collective unconscious acts as the frame where science can distinguish individual motivating urges, thought to be universal across all individuals of the human species, while instincts are present in all species. Jung contends, "The hypothesis of the collective unconscious is, therefore, no more daring than to assume there are instincts."<ref name="CW9_1__90_92_118" />

====Archetype====
{{main|Jungian archetypes}}
{{image frame|content={{Photo montage
| right
| photo1a = Saturn Devouring His Son.jpg
| alt1a = Isis, The Great mother of divine son Horus 
| photo1b = Demeter Altemps Inv8546.jpg
| alt1b = Demeter, Great Mother of divine daughter Persephone
| photo1c = Zhang Lu-Laozi Riding an Ox.jpg
| alt1c = Lao Tzu, Wise Old Man
| photo1d = Spas vsederzhitel sinay.jpg
| alt1d = Christ, Hero
| size = 450
| spacing = 3
}}
| width = 450
| caption = Common archetypal motifs: Devourer, Great/Benevolent Mother, Wise Old Man, Hero/Self
}}
The archetype is a concept "borrowed" from [[anthropology]] to denote a process of nature.  Jung's definitions of archetypes varied over time and have been the subject of debate regarding their usefulness. [[Jungian archetypes|Archetypal images]], also referred to as [[Motif-Index of Folk-Literature|motifs in mythology]],{{Efn|Also see other [[Motif (disambiguation)#General concepts|general concepts of 'motif']] covering visual arts, narrative, et cetera.}} are universal symbols that can mediate opposites in the psyche, are often found in religious art, mythology and fairy tales across cultures. Jung saw archetypes as pre-configurations in nature that give rise to repeating, understandable, describable experiences. In addition, the concept considers the passage of time and patterns resulting from transformation.<ref>{{cite book |author=Carl Jung  |title=''The Archetypes and the Collective Unconscious'', Collected Works, Volume 9, Part 1 <!-- |year=1959 --> |publisher=Princeton University Press |isbn=978-0-691-01833-1 |at=para. 80-81 }}</ref> Archetypes are said to exist independently of any current event or its effect. They are said to exert influence both across all domains of experience and throughout the stages of each individual's unique development. Being in part based on heritable physiology, they are thought to have "existed" since humans became a differentiated species. They have been deduced through the development of storytelling over tens of thousands of years, indicating repeating patterns of individual and group experience, behaviors, and effects across the planet, apparently displaying common themes.<ref name="CW9_1__90_92_118" />

The concept did not originate with Jung but with [[Plato]], who first conceived of primordial patterns. Later contributions came from [[Adolf Bastian]] and [[Hermann Usener]], among others.<ref name="CW9_1__153">{{cite book |author=Carl Jung  |title=''The Archetypes and the Collective Unconscious'', Collected Works, Volume 9, Part 1 <!-- |year=1959 --> |publisher=Princeton University Press |isbn=978-0-691-01833-1 |at=para. 153 }}</ref> In the first half of the twentieth century, it proved impossible to objectively isolate and categorize the notion of an archetype within a materialist frame.  According to Jung, there are "as many archetypes as there are typical situations in life",<ref name="CW9_1__99">{{cite book |author=Carl Jung  |title=''The Archetypes and the Collective Unconscious'', Collected Works, Volume 9, Part 1 <!-- |year=1959 --> |publisher=Princeton University Press |isbn=978-0-691-01833-1 |at=para. 99 }}</ref> and he asserted that they have a dynamic mutual influence on one another. Their alleged presence could be extracted from thousand-year-old narratives, from comparative religion, and from mythology.<ref name="CW9_1__89_110_115">{{cite book |author=Carl Jung  |title=''The Archetypes and the Collective Unconscious'', Collected Works, Volume 9, Part 1 <!-- |year=1959 --> |publisher=Princeton University Press |isbn=978-0-691-01833-1 |at=para. 89,110,115 }}</ref> Jung elaborated on many archetypes in "''The Archetypes and the Collective Unconscious''" and in "''Aion: Researches into the Phenomenology of the Self''". Examples of archetypes might be the shadow, the hero, the self, anima, animus, mother, father, child, and trickster.

==== Shadow ====
{{See also|shadow (psychology)}}
The ''shadow'' exists as part of the unconscious mind and is composed of the traits individuals instinctively or consciously resist identifying as their own and would rather ignore, typically repressed ideas, weaknesses, desires, instincts, and shortcomings. Much of the shadow comes as a result of an individual's adaptation to cultural norms and expectations.<ref name=":0" /> Thus, this archetype not only consists of all the things deemed unacceptable by society but also those things that are not aligned with one's own personal morals and values.

Jung argues that the ''shadow'' plays a distinctive role in balancing one's overall psyche, the counter-balancing to consciousness—"where there is light, there must also be shadow". Without a well-developed ''shadow'' (often "shadow work", "integrating one's shadow"), an individual can become shallow and extremely preoccupied with the opinions of others; that is, a walking [[Persona (psychology)|''persona'']].<ref name=":0" /> Not wanting to look at their shadows directly, Jung argues, often results in [[psychological projection]].  Individuals project imagined attitudes onto others without awareness.  The qualities an individual may hate (or love) in another may manifest in those who do not see the external, material truth.<ref name=":0" /> In order to truly grow as an individual, Jung believed that both the [[Persona (psychology)|''persona'']] and ''[[Shadow (psychology)|shadow]]'' should be balanced.<ref name=":0" />

The shadow can often appear as a dark, wild, exotic figure in dreams or visions.<ref>{{cite web | url=https://psychotreat.com/what-is-jungian-psychology/ | title=What is Jungian Psychology? – Types, Archetypes, Complexes and More |website=PsychoTreat | date=27 August 2021 }}</ref>