Editing Cardiology (section)

==== Complications of hypertension ====
[[Image:Main complications of persistent high blood pressure.svg|thumb|right|250px|Main complications of persistent [[high blood pressure]]]]
{{Main|Complications of hypertension}}

[[Complications of hypertension]] are clinical outcomes that result from [[hypertension|persistent elevation]] of blood pressure.<ref name="pmid19393824">{{cite journal |author=White WB |title=Defining the problem of treating the patient with hypertension and arthritis pain |journal=[[The American Journal of Medicine]] |volume=122 |issue=5 Suppl |pages=S3–9 |date=May 2009 |pmid=19393824 |doi=10.1016/j.amjmed.2009.03.002 }}</ref> Hypertension is a risk factor for all clinical manifestations of [[atherosclerosis]] since it is a risk factor for atherosclerosis itself.<ref name="pmid19110086">{{cite journal |author=Insull W |title=The pathology of atherosclerosis: plaque development and plaque responses to medical treatment |journal=[[The American Journal of Medicine]] |volume=122 |issue=1 Suppl |pages=S3–S14 |date=January 2009 |pmid=19110086 |doi=10.1016/j.amjmed.2008.10.013 }}</ref><ref name="pmid19394559">{{cite journal |vauthors=Liapis CD, Avgerinos ED, Kadoglou NP, Kakisis JD |title=What a vascular surgeon should know and do about atherosclerotic risk factors |journal=[[Journal of Vascular Surgery]] |volume=49 |issue=5 |pages=1348–54 |date=May 2009 |pmid=19394559 |doi=10.1016/j.jvs.2008.12.046 |doi-access=free }}</ref><ref name="pmid19275607">{{cite journal |author=Riccioni G |title=The effect of antihypertensive drugs on carotid intima media thickness: an up-to-date review |journal=[[Current Medicinal Chemistry]] |volume=16 |issue=8 |pages=988–96 |year=2009 |pmid=19275607 |doi=10.2174/092986709787581923 |url=http://www.bentham-direct.org/pages/content.php?CMC/2009/00000016/00000008/0006C.SGM |access-date=2009-06-20 |archive-url=https://archive.today/20130112181214/http://www.bentham-direct.org/pages/content.php?CMC/2009/00000016/00000008/0006C.SGM |archive-date=2013-01-12 |url-status=usurped }}</ref><ref name="pmid19138169">{{cite journal |vauthors=Safar ME, Jankowski P |title=Central blood pressure and hypertension: role in cardiovascular risk assessment |journal=[[Clinical Science (journal)|Clinical Science]] |volume=116 |issue=4 |pages=273–82 |date=February 2009 |pmid=19138169 |doi=10.1042/CS20080072 }}</ref><ref name="pmid19124420">{{cite journal | vauthors = Werner CM, Böhm M | title = The therapeutic role of RAS blockade in chronic heart failure | journal = Therapeutic Advances in Cardiovascular Disease | volume = 2 | issue = 3 | pages = 167–77 | date = June 2008 | pmid = 19124420 | doi = 10.1177/1753944708091777 |s2cid = 12972801 |doi-access = free}}</ref> It is an independent predisposing factor for [[heart failure]],<ref name="pmid19427498">{{cite journal |vauthors=Gaddam KK, Verma A, Thompson M, Amin R, Ventura H |title=Hypertension and cardiac failure in its various forms |journal=[[The Medical Clinics of North America]] |volume=93 |issue=3 |pages=665–80 |date=May 2009 |pmid=19427498 |doi=10.1016/j.mcna.2009.02.005 |url=http://journals.elsevierhealth.com/retrieve/pii/S0025-7125(09)00020-0|access-date=2009-06-20}}</ref><ref name="pmid19427502">{{cite journal |vauthors=Reisin E, Jack AV |title=Obesity and hypertension: mechanisms, cardio-renal consequences, and therapeutic approaches |journal=[[The Medical Clinics of North America]] |volume=93 |issue=3 |pages=733–51 |date=May 2009 |pmid=19427502 |doi=10.1016/j.mcna.2009.02.010 |url=http://journals.elsevierhealth.com/retrieve/pii/S0025-7125(09)00025-X|access-date=2009-06-20}}</ref> [[coronary artery disease]],<ref name="pmid19363848">{{cite journal | vauthors = Agabiti-Rosei E | title = From macro- to microcirculation: benefits in hypertension and diabetes | journal = J Hypertens Suppl | volume = 26 | issue = 3 | pages = S15–9 | date = September 2008 | pmid = 19363848 | doi = 10.1097/01.hjh.0000334602.71005.52}}</ref><ref name="pmid19427499">{{cite journal |vauthors=Murphy BP, Stanton T, Dunn FG |title=Hypertension and myocardial ischemia |journal=[[The Medical Clinics of North America]] |volume=93 |issue=3 |pages=681–95 |date=May 2009 |pmid=19427499 |doi=10.1016/j.mcna.2009.02.003 |url=http://journals.elsevierhealth.com/retrieve/pii/S0025-7125(09)00018-2|access-date=2009-06-20}}</ref> [[stroke]],<ref name="pmid19393824"/> [[renal disease]],<ref name="pmid12728683">{{cite journal |vauthors=Tylicki L, Rutkowski B |title=[Hypertensive nephropathy: pathogenesis, diagnosis and treatment] |language=pl |journal=[[Polski Merkuriusz Lekarski]] |volume=14 |issue=80 |pages=168–73 |date=February 2003 |pmid=12728683 }}</ref><ref name="pmid19195963">{{cite journal |vauthors=Truong LD, Shen SS, Park MH, Krishnan B |title=Diagnosing nonneoplastic lesions in nephrectomy specimens |journal=[[Archives of Pathology & Laboratory Medicine]] |volume=133 |issue=2 |pages=189–200 |date=February 2009 |pmid=19195963 |doi= 10.5858/133.2.189|url=https://www.archivesofpathology.org/doi/full/10.1043/1543-2165-133.2.189|access-date=2009-06-20}}</ref><ref name="pmid11842376">{{cite journal |vauthors=Tracy RE, White S |title=A method for quantifying adrenocortical nodular hyperplasia at autopsy: some use of the method in illuminating hypertension and atherosclerosis |journal=[[Annals of Diagnostic Pathology]] |volume=6 |issue=1 |pages=20–9 |date=February 2002 |pmid=11842376 |doi= 10.1053/adpa.2002.30606}}</ref> and [[peripheral arterial disease]].<ref name="pmid18672184">{{cite journal |author=Aronow WS |title=Hypertension and the older diabetic |journal=[[Clinics in Geriatric Medicine]] |volume=24 |issue=3 |pages=489–501, vi–vii |date=August 2008 |pmid=18672184 |doi=10.1016/j.cger.2008.03.001 |url=http://journals.elsevierhealth.com/retrieve/pii/S0749-0690(08)00012-8|access-date=2009-06-20}}</ref><ref name="pmid19008688">{{cite journal |vauthors=Gardner AW, Afaq A |journal=[[Journal of Cardiopulmonary Rehabilitation and Prevention]] |volume=28 |issue=6 |pages=349–57 |year=2008 |pmid=19008688 |doi=10.1097/HCR.0b013e31818c3b96 |pmc=2743684|title=Management of Lower Extremity Peripheral Arterial Disease }}</ref> It is the most important [[Risk factor (epidemiology)|risk factor]] for [[cardiovascular]] [[morbidity]] and [[mortality rate|mortality]], in [[industrialized countries]].<ref name="pmid19149532">{{cite journal |vauthors=Novo S, Lunetta M, Evola S, Novo G |title=Role of ARBs in the blood hypertension therapy and prevention of cardiovascular events |journal=[[Current Drug Targets]] |volume=10 |issue=1 |pages=20–5 |date=January 2009 |pmid=19149532 |doi=10.2174/138945009787122897 |url=http://www.bentham-direct.org/pages/content.php?CDT/2009/00000010/00000001/0003J.SGM |access-date=2009-06-20 |archive-url=https://archive.today/20130112095900/http://www.bentham-direct.org/pages/content.php?CDT/2009/00000010/00000001/0003J.SGM |archive-date=2013-01-12 |url-status=usurped }}</ref>