Editing Calvin Coolidge (section)

===Foreign policy===
[[File:Attendees at Conference on Future of Smithsonian Institution.jpg|thumb|At the [[Smithsonian Institution]], February 1927. Left to right: Secretary of the Treasury, [[Andrew Mellon]]; Secretary of State, [[Frank B. Kellogg]]; President Calvin Coolidge; former president and Chief Justice [[William Howard Taft]], Secretary of the Smithsonian, [[Charles D. Walcott]] among others.]]
Coolidge was neither well versed nor very interested in world affairs.<ref name=":0">{{Cite news|url=https://millercenter.org/president/coolidge/foreign-affairs|title=Calvin Coolidge: Foreign Affairs {{!}} Miller Center|date=October 4, 2016|work=Miller Center|access-date=October 28, 2018|language=en-US}}</ref> His focus was mainly on U.S. business, especially pertaining to trade, and "Maintaining the Status Quo". Although not an isolationist, he was reluctant to enter into European involvements.{{sfn|Sobel|1998a|p=342}} Coolidge believed strongly in a [[United States non-interventionism|non-interventionist]] foreign policy and supported [[American exceptionalism]].<ref>{{cite web|url=https://commons.lib.jmu.edu/cgi/viewcontent.cgi?article=1508&context=master201019|title=Coolidge against the world: Peace, prosperity, and foreign policy in the 1920s|work=James Madison University|author=Joel Webster|access-date=February 1, 2020}}</ref> He considered the 1920 Republican victory a rejection of the [[Wilsonian]] position that the U.S. should join the [[League of Nations]].{{sfn|McCoy|1967|pp=184–185}} 

Coolidge did not believe the League served U.S. interests.{{sfn|McCoy|1967|pp=184–185}} But he spoke in favor of joining the [[Permanent Court of International Justice]] (World Court), provided that the nation would not be bound by advisory decisions.{{sfn|McCoy|1967|p=360}} In 1926, the Senate approved joining the Court, with [[reservation (law)|reservations]].{{sfn|McCoy|1967|p=363}} The League of Nations accepted the reservations, but suggested some modifications of its own.{{sfn|Greenberg|2006|pp=114–116}} The Senate failed to act, and so the U.S. did not join the World Court.{{sfn|Greenberg|2006|pp=114–116}}

In 1924, the Coolidge administration nominated [[Charles Dawes]] to head the multinational committee that produced the [[Dawes Plan]]. It set fixed annual amounts for Germany's [[World War I reparations]] payments and authorized a large loan, mostly from U.S. banks, to help stabilize and stimulate the German economy.<ref>{{Cite encyclopedia|url=https://www.britannica.com/event/Dawes-Plan|title=Dawes Plan {{!}} World War I reparations|encyclopedia=Encyclopedia Britannica|access-date=October 28, 2018|language=en}}</ref> Coolidge attempted to pursue further curbs on naval strength after the successes of Harding's [[Washington Naval Conference]], by sponsoring the [[Geneva Naval Conference]] in 1927, which failed owing to a French and Italian boycott and the failure of Great Britain and the U.S. to agree on cruiser tonnages. As a result, the conference was a failure and Congress eventually authorized for increased American naval spending in 1928.<ref>{{Cite book|title=Treaty cruisers : the world's first international warship building competition|last=Marriott, Leo.|date=2005|publisher=Pen & Sword Maritime|isbn=1844151883|location=Barnsley|oclc=60668374| page = 12}}</ref> 

The [[Kellogg–Briand Pact]] of 1928, named for U.S. Secretary of State [[Frank B. Kellogg]] and French Foreign Minister [[Aristide Briand]], was a key peacekeeping initiative. Ratified in 1929, the treaty committed signatories—the U.S., the United Kingdom, France, Italy, Germany, and Japan—to "renounce war, as an instrument of national policy in their relations with one another".{{sfn|Fuess|1940|pp=421–423}} The treaty did not achieve its intended result—to outlaw war—but it did provide the founding principle for international law after [[World War II]].{{sfnm|McCoy|1967|1pp=380–381|Greenberg|2006|2pp=123–124}} Coolidge continued the Harding administration's policy of withholding recognition of the [[Soviet Union]].{{sfn|McCoy|1967|p=181}}

Efforts were made to [[Mexico–United States relations|normalize ties]] with post-[[Mexican Revolution|Revolution]] Mexico. Coolidge recognized Mexico's new governments under [[Álvaro Obregón]] and [[Plutarco Elías Calles]], and continued U.S. support for the elected Mexican government against the [[National League for the Defense of Religious Liberty]] during the [[Cristero War]], lifting the arms embargo on Mexico. He appointed [[Dwight Morrow]] as [[United States Ambassador to Mexico|Ambassador to Mexico]] with the successful objective to avoid further conflict with Mexico.<ref name=":1"/>{{sfn|Sobel|1998a|p=349}}{{sfn|McCoy|1967|pp=178–179}} 

Coolidge's administration saw continuity in the [[United States occupation of Nicaragua|occupation of Nicaragua]] and [[United States occupation of Haiti|Haiti]]. In 1924, Coolidge ended the [[1916 United States occupation of the Dominican Republic|US occupation of the Dominican Republic]] as a result of withdrawal agreements finalized during Harding's administration.{{sfnm|Fuess|1940|1pp=414–417|Ferrell|1998|2pp=122–123}} In 1925, Coolidge ordered the withdrawal of [[United States Marine Corps|Marines]] stationed in Nicaragua following perceived stability after the [[Nicaraguan general election, 1924|1924 Nicaraguan general election]]. In January 1927, he redeployed them there, after failed attempts to peacefully resolve the rapid deterioration of political stability and avert the ensuing [[Nicaraguan civil war (1926–27)|Constitutionalist War]]. He later sent [[Henry L. Stimson]] to mediate [[Pact of Espino Negro|a peace deal]] that ended the civil war and extend U.S. military presence in Nicaragua beyond Coolidge's presidency.<ref name=":1"/>

In January 1928, to extend an [[olive branch]] to Latin American leaders embittered over U.S. [[Banana Wars|interventionist policies]] in Central America and the [[Caribbean]],{{sfn|Miller Center|2016}} Coolidge led the U.S. delegation to the [[Pan-American Conference|Sixth International Conference of American States]] in [[Havana]], Cuba, the only international trip Coolidge made during his presidency.{{sfn|Historian|2018}} He was the last sitting U.S. president to visit Cuba until [[Barack Obama]] in 2016.{{sfn|Kim|2014}} For Canada, Coolidge authorized the [[St. Lawrence Seaway]], a system of locks and canals that provided large vessels passage between the Atlantic Ocean and the [[Great Lakes]].<ref>{{Cite news|url=https://www.seaway.dot.gov/about/great-lakes-st-lawrence-seaway-system|title=The Great Lakes–St. Lawrence Seaway System|date=March 20, 2014|work=Saint Lawrence Seaway|access-date=October 28, 2018|language=en}}</ref><ref name=":1">{{Cite web|url=https://coolidgefoundation.org/presidency/foreign-policy/|title=Foreign Policy|website=coolidgefoundation.org|language=en-US|access-date=October 28, 2018}}</ref>