Editing Blood pressure (section)

==In animals==
Blood pressure levels in non-human mammals may vary depending on the species. Heart rate differs markedly, largely depending on the size of the animal (larger animals have slower heart rates).<ref>{{Cite book|title=The Design of Mammals: A Scaling Approach | vauthors = Prothero JW |isbn=978-1-107-11047-2 |location=Cambridge |publisher=Cambridge University Press |oclc=907295832|date=2015-10-22}}</ref> The giraffe has a distinctly high arterial pressure of about 190&nbsp;mm Hg, enabling blood perfusion through the {{convert|2|m}}-long neck to the head.<ref name="brondum">{{cite journal | vauthors = Brøndum E, Hasenkam JM, Secher NH, Bertelsen MF, Grøndahl C, Petersen KK, Buhl R, Aalkjaer C, Baandrup U, Nygaard H, Smerup M, Stegmann F, Sloth E, Ostergaard KH, Nissen P, Runge M, Pitsillides K, Wang T | display-authors = 6 | title = Jugular venous pooling during lowering of the head affects blood pressure of the anesthetized giraffe | journal = American Journal of Physiology. Regulatory, Integrative and Comparative Physiology | volume = 297 | issue = 4 | pages = R1058–R1065 | date = October 2009 | pmid = 19657096 | doi = 10.1152/ajpregu.90804.2008 }}</ref> In other species subjected to orthostatic blood pressure, such as [[Arboreal locomotion|arboreal]] snakes, blood pressure is higher than in non-arboreal snakes.<ref>{{cite journal | vauthors = Seymour RS, Lillywhite HB | title = Blood pressure in snakes from different habitats | journal = Nature | volume = 264 | issue = 5587 | pages = 664–666 | date = December 1976 | pmid = 1004612 | doi = 10.1038/264664a0 | s2cid = 555576 | bibcode = 1976Natur.264..664S }}</ref> A heart near to the head (short heart-to-head distance) and a long tail with tight [[integument]] favor blood perfusion to the head.<ref>{{cite journal | vauthors = Nasoori A, Taghipour A, Shahbazzadeh D, Aminirissehei A, Moghaddam S | title = Heart place and tail length evaluation in Naja oxiana, Macrovipera lebetina, and Montivipera latifii | journal = Asian Pacific Journal of Tropical Medicine | volume = 7S1 | pages = S137–S142 | date = September 2014 | pmid = 25312108 | doi = 10.1016/s1995-7645(14)60220-0 | doi-access = free }}</ref><ref name="seymour">{{cite journal | vauthors = Seymour RS | title=Scaling of cardiovascular physiology in snakes | journal=American Zoologist| volume=27 | issue=1 | year=1987 | issn=0003-1569 | doi=10.1093/icb/27.1.97 | pages=97–109| doi-access=free }}</ref>

As in humans, blood pressure in animals differs by age, sex, time of day, and environmental circumstances:<ref name=":1">{{Cite book|title=Animal Models in Cardiovascular Research| vauthors = Gross DR |publisher=Springer |year=2009 |isbn=978-0-387-95962-7 |edition= 3rd |location=Dordrecht |pages=5 |oclc=432709394}}</ref><ref name=":2">{{cite journal | vauthors = Brown S, Atkins C, Bagley R, Carr A, Cowgill L, Davidson M, Egner B, Elliott J, Henik R, Labato M, Littman M, Polzin D, Ross L, Snyder P, Stepien R | display-authors = 6 | title = Guidelines for the identification, evaluation, and management of systemic hypertension in dogs and cats | journal = Journal of Veterinary Internal Medicine | volume = 21 | issue = 3 | pages = 542–558 | date = 2007 | pmid = 17552466 | doi = 10.1111/j.1939-1676.2007.tb03005.x | doi-access = free }}</ref> measurements made in laboratories or under anesthesia may not be representative of values under free-living conditions. Rats, mice, dogs and rabbits have been used extensively to study the regulation of blood pressure.<ref>{{cite journal | vauthors = Lerman LO, Chade AR, Sica V, Napoli C | title = Animal models of hypertension: an overview | journal = The Journal of Laboratory and Clinical Medicine | volume = 146 | issue = 3 | pages = 160–173 | date = September 2005 | pmid = 16131455 | doi = 10.1016/j.lab.2005.05.005 }}</ref>
{| class="wikitable sortable"
|+Blood pressure and heart rate of various mammals<ref name=":1" />
!rowspan=2|Species
!colspan=2|Blood pressure<br />mm Hg

!rowspan=2|Heart rate<br />beats per minute
|-
!Systolic
!Diastolic
|-
|Calves
|140
|70
|75–146
|-
|Cats
|155
|68
|100–259
|-
|Dogs
|161
|51
|62–170
|-
|Goats
|140
|90
|80–120
|-
|Guinea-pigs
|140
|90
|240–300
|-
|Mice
|120
|75
|580–680
|-
|Pigs
|169
|55
|74–116
|-
|Rabbits
|118
|67
|205–306
|-
|Rats
|153
|51
|305–500
|-
|Rhesus monkeys
|160
|125
|180–210
|-
|Sheep
|140
|80
|63–210
|}

===Hypertension in cats and dogs===
Hypertension in cats and dogs is generally diagnosed if the blood pressure is greater than 150&nbsp;mm Hg (systolic),<ref>{{Cite web |title=AKC Canine Health Foundation {{!}} Hypertension in Dogs |url=https://www.akcchf.org/canine-health/your-dogs-health/caring-for-your-dog/hypertension-in-dogs.html |access-date=2022-10-03 |website=www.akcchf.org |archive-date=2022-10-03 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20221003215934/https://www.akcchf.org/canine-health/your-dogs-health/caring-for-your-dog/hypertension-in-dogs.html |url-status=live }}</ref> although [[Sighthound|sight hounds]] have higher blood pressures than most other dog breeds; a systolic pressure greater than 180 mmHg is considered abnormal in these dogs.<ref>{{cite journal | vauthors = Acierno MJ, Brown S, Coleman AE, Jepson RE, Papich M, Stepien RL, Syme HM | title = ACVIM consensus statement: Guidelines for the identification, evaluation, and management of systemic hypertension in dogs and cats | journal = Journal of Veterinary Internal Medicine | volume = 32 | issue = 6 | pages = 1803–1822 | date = November 2018 | pmid = 30353952 | pmc = 6271319 | doi = 10.1111/jvim.15331 }}</ref>