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==Climate== [[File:HurricaneAndrew.jpg|thumb|alt=Satellite image of Hurricane Andrew|Hurricane Andrew at landfall on Biscayne Bay]] Biscayne's tropical climate reflects its location in extreme South Florida. Southern Miami-Dade County is classified as having a [[tropical savanna climate]] in the [[Köppen climate classification|Köppen-Geiger]] system, with the park bordering on a [[tropical monsoon climate]].<ref name=koppen1>{{cite web|author1=Kottek, M.|author2=Greiser, J.|author3=Beck, C.|author4=Rudolf, B.|author5=Rubel, F.|title=World Map of Köppen−Geiger Climate Classification|url=http://koeppen-geiger.vu-wien.ac.at/pdf/kottek_et_al_2006_A4.pdf|publisher=Universität Wien|access-date=26 October 2014|date=2006}}</ref> Seasons may be divided into the November–April dry season and the May–October wet season. Dry season temperatures average between {{convert|66|and|76|°F|°C}} with an average monthly rainfall of {{convert|2.1|inch|mm}}. Wet season temperatures average between {{convert|76|and|85|°F|°C}} with an average monthly rainfall of {{convert|5.39|inch|mm}}. The wet season roughly coincides with [[Atlantic hurricane season|hurricane season]], with frequent thunderstorms.<ref name=npstripplanner1>{{cite web|title=National Parks of South Florida Trip Planner|url=http://www.nps.gov/bisc/planyourvisit/upload/New-Trip-Planner_3_lowres.pdf|publisher=National Park Service|access-date=26 October 2014}}</ref> Like many locations in southern Florida, Biscayne National Park is affected by hurricanes every few years. Most storms require temporary closings and occasional repairs to park facilities. A direct hit by a powerful hurricane can produce severe consequences, primarily by its impact on human interventions in the environment rather than on the natural environment of the park, which is well-adapted to these events.<ref>Harris, Tuttle, Tuttle, p. 268</ref><ref name=npsbisc17>{{cite web|title=Park Reopens After Tropical Storm Isaac|url=http://www.nps.gov/bisc/parknews/ts-isaac-reopening.htm|work=Biscayne National Park|publisher=National Park Service|access-date=21 November 2012}}</ref> Significant hurricanes to strike Biscayne include storms in 1835 and 1904, the [[1906 Florida Keys hurricane]],<ref name="burnspsb1" /> the [[1926 Miami hurricane]], the [[1929 Bahamas hurricane]], the [[1935 Labor Day hurricane]],<ref>Shumaker, pp. 58–59</ref> the [[1935 Yankee hurricane]], the [[1941 Florida hurricane]], the [[1945 Southeast Florida hurricane]], the [[1948 Miami hurricane]], [[Hurricane King]] in 1950, [[Hurricane Donna]] in 1960,.<ref name=bnmclimate>{{cite web|title=The Climate|work=Biscayne National Monument: A Proposal|url=http://www.nps.gov/history/history/online_books/bisc/proposal/sec3.htm|publisher=National Park Service|access-date=7 January 2013}}</ref> [[Hurricane Cleo]] in 1964,<ref name=uswb1>{{cite web|last=Dunn|first=Gordon E.|title=The Hurricane Season of 1964|url=http://www.aoml.noaa.gov/hrd/hurdat/mwr_pdf/1964.pdf|publisher=U.S. Weather Bureau Office, Miami|access-date=29 January 2013|page=179}}</ref> and [[Hurricane Andrew]] in 1992.<ref name=rappaport2>{{cite web|last=Rappaport|first=Ed|title=Addendum: Hurricane Andrew|url=http://www.nhc.noaa.gov/1992andrew_add.html|publisher=National Hurricane Center|access-date=21 November 2012}}</ref> The park can be affected by wave action from more distant tropical storms such as 2012's [[Hurricane Sandy]], which damaged facilities on Elliott Key.<ref name=biscsandy1>{{cite web|title=Elliott Key Closed Until Further Notice|url=http://www.nps.gov/bisc/parknews/elliott-key-closed-until-further-notice.htm|work=Biscayne National Park|publisher=National Park Service|access-date=29 January 2013|date=October 30, 2012}}</ref> On August 24, 1992, [[Hurricane Andrew]] came ashore just south of Miami, passing directly across Biscayne National Park with maximum sustained winds of {{convert|141|mph|kph}}, with gusts to {{convert|169|mph|abbr=on}}. The storm surge was up to {{convert|17|ft|abbr=on}} above mean sea level. It was a compact [[Category 5 hurricane#Category 5|Category 5]] hurricane on the Saffir-Simpson Hurricane Scale.<ref name=rappaport2/> Biscayne Bay was affected by bottom scouring and turbidity and with damage to its fringes of mangrove forest. Leakage from damaged boats and marinas polluted the bay with fuel, with discharges continuing for nearly a month after the hurricane's passage.<ref name=lovelace1>{{cite web|last=Lovelace|first=John K.|title=Effects of Hurricane Andrew (1992) on Wetlands in Southern Florida and Louisiana|url=http://water.usgs.gov/nwsum/WSP2425/andrew.html|publisher=United States Geological Survey|access-date=19 November 2012|author2=McPherson, Benjamin F.}}</ref> A commemorative plaque was placed at the Dante Fascell Visitor Center in 2002 to commemorate the human and environmental cost of Andrew, and to celebrate the area's recovery from the storm's effects. The inscription reads in part: <blockquote>On Monday, August 24, 1992, at 4:30 a.m., the eye wall of Hurricane Andrew passed over this point before striking Homestead and southern Miami-Dade County.<ref name=noaa1>{{cite web|title=Biscayne National Park Plaque Commemorates 10th Anniversary of Hurricane Andrew|url=http://www.srh.noaa.gov/mfl/?n=hurricane_andrew_plaque_dedication|work=National Weather Service Weather Forecast Office: Miami-South Florida|publisher=National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration|access-date=21 November 2012}}</ref></blockquote> The Fowey Rocks light station transmitted weather data with winds peaking at a two-minute wind speed of {{convert|127|kn|km/h}} and a gust to {{convert|147|kn|km/h}} before the station ceased transmitting, presumably due to damage from stronger gusts. The strongest part of the eyewall had not reached Fowey Rocks when it stopped transmitting.<ref name=rappaport1>{{cite web|last=Rappaport|first=Ed|title=Preliminary Report: Hurricane Andrew|url=http://www.nhc.noaa.gov/1992andrew.html|publisher=National Hurricane Center|date=December 10, 1993}}</ref> Since all park lands are no more than a few feet above sea level, they are vulnerable to rising sea levels. Park Service studies project that much of the park's land area will be lost in the next two hundred years.<ref name=npssfcnvs1>{{cite web|title=South Florida/Caribbean Network Vital Signs Monitoring Plan|url=http://science.nature.nps.gov/im/units/sfcn/vs_plan/appendixes/APPENDIX_J.pdf|publisher=National Park Service|access-date=27 November 2012|page=J2.17|date=September 2008|url-status=dead|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20111015201018/http://science.nature.nps.gov/im/units/sfcn/vs_plan/appendixes/APPENDIX_J.pdf|archive-date=15 October 2011}}</ref> Sea level in Biscayne Bay is projected to rise between {{convert|3|and|7|in|cm|0}} by 2030, and {{convert|9|to|24|in|cm|0}} by 2060.<ref name=bojnansky1>{{cite news|last=Bojnansky|first=Erik|title=Lost in a Rising Sea|url=http://www.biscaynetimes.com/index.php?option=com_content&view=article&id=1260:lost-in-a-rising-sea&catid=46:features|access-date=13 February 2013|newspaper=Biscayne Times|date=September 2012|archive-date=7 March 2019|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190307054109/http://www.biscaynetimes.com/index.php?option=com_content&view=article&id=1260:lost-in-a-rising-sea&catid=46:features|url-status=dead}}</ref> A [[sea level rise]] of {{convert|3|to|6|in|cm|0}} is projected to increase saltwater intrusion into the Biscayne Aquifer. Higher rises will make the southern Everglades a [[salt marsh|saltwater marsh]], altering the ecology of the region.<ref name=heimlich1>{{cite web|last=Heimlich|first=Barry N.|title=Southeast Florida's Resilient Water Resources:Adaptation to Sea Level Rise and Other Impacts of Climate Change|url=http://www.ces.fau.edu/files/projects/climate_change/SE_Florida_Resilient_Water_Resources.pdf|publisher=Florida Atlantic University|author2=Bloetscher, Frederick|author3=Meeroff, Daniel E.|author4=Murley, James|date=November 11, 2009}}</ref> {{Weather box | width = auto | single line = Y | location = Elliott Key Ranger Station, elevation {{convert|0|ft|m|0|abbr=on}}, 1981-2010 normals, extremes 1981-2019 | Jan record high F = 83.7 | Feb record high F = 87.1 | Mar record high F = 88.0 | Apr record high F = 92.2 | May record high F = 91.2 | Jun record high F = 93.9 | Jul record high F = 95.0 | Aug record high F = 93.6 | Sep record high F = 92.3 | Oct record high F = 89.9 | Nov record high F = 88.7 | Dec record high F = 86.7 | year record high F = 95.0 | Jan high F = 74.1 | Feb high F = 75.5 | Mar high F = 76.8 | Apr high F = 79.0 | May high F = 82.1 | Jun high F = 85.5 | Jul high F = 87.2 | Aug high F = 87.3 | Sep high F = 86.4 | Oct high F = 83.2 | Nov high F = 79.2 | Dec high F = 75.9 | year high F = 81.0 | Jan low F = 61.8 | Feb low F = 63.5 | Mar low F = 66.0 | Apr low F = 68.7 | May low F = 73.6 | Jun low F = 77.0 | Jul low F = 78.6 | Aug low F = 78.9 | Sep low F = 78.3 | Oct low F = 75.0 | Nov low F = 69.8 | Dec low F = 64.6 | year low F = 71.4 | Jan record low F = 35.0 | Feb record low F = 38.6 | Mar record low F = 43.6 | Apr record low F = 51.7 | May record low F = 59.5 | Jun record low F = 65.9 | Jul record low F = 72.6 | Aug record low F = 72.0 | Sep record low F = 70.8 | Oct record low F = 55.9 | Nov record low F = 47.7 | Dec record low F = 32.8 | year record low F = 32.8 | precipitation colour = green | Jan precipitation inch = 1.85 | Feb precipitation inch = 1.91 | Mar precipitation inch = 2.62 | Apr precipitation inch = 2.55 | May precipitation inch = 4.64 | Jun precipitation inch = 7.83 | Jul precipitation inch = 5.41 | Aug precipitation inch = 7.09 | Sep precipitation inch = 7.56 | Oct precipitation inch = 5.18 | Nov precipitation inch = 2.85 | Dec precipitation inch = 1.79 | year precipitation inch = 51.28 | Jan dew point F = 59.9 | Feb dew point F = 61.1 | Mar dew point F = 62.2 | Apr dew point F = 64.1 | May dew point F = 69.0 | Jun dew point F = 73.5 | Jul dew point F = 74.3 | Aug dew point F = 74.7 | Sep dew point F = 74.5 | Oct dew point F = 71.5 | Nov dew point F = 66.4 | Dec dew point F = 62.3 | year dew point F = 67.8 | source = PRISM<ref name=prism>{{cite web|url=http://prism.oregonstate.edu/explorer/|title=PRISM Climate Group, Oregon State University|access-date=February 19, 2019}}</ref>}}
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