Editing Beef (section)

=== Health impact ===
{{See also|Meat#Health|l1=Health concerns associated with meat|Red meat#Health effects}}

====Cancer====
Consumption of [[red meat]], and especially [[Processed meat|processed red meat]], is known to increase the risk of [[bowel cancer]] and some other cancers.<ref name=cruk-bowel>{{cite web |publisher=[[Cancer Research UK]] |title=Bowel cancer risk factors |date=17 December 2013 |access-date=12 September 2016 |url=http://www.cancerresearchuk.org/cancer-info/cancerstats/types/bowel/riskfactors/bowel-cancer-risk-factors}}</ref><ref name="aicr">{{cite book|isbn=978-0-9722522-2-5 | page=[https://archive.org/details/foodnutritionphy00rese/page/n140 116]|title=Food, Nutrition, Physical Activity, and the Prevention of Cancer: a Global Perspective|url=https://archive.org/details/foodnutritionphy00rese |url-access=limited |year=2007|author=American Institute for Cancer Research| publisher=American Institute for Cancer Research}}</ref><ref>{{cite journal |vauthors=Xue XJ, Gao Q, Qiao JH, Zhang J, Xu CP, Liu J |title=Red and processed meat consumption and the risk of lung cancer: a dose-response meta-analysis of 33 published studies |journal=Int J Clin Exp Med |volume=7 |issue=6 |pages=1542–53 |year=2014 |pmid=25035778 |pmc=4100964 |type=Meta-analysis}}</ref>

====Coronary heart disease====
A 2010 meta-analysis found that processed [[red meat]] (and all [[processed meat]]) was correlated with a higher risk of [[coronary heart disease]], although based on studies that separated the two, this meta-analysis found that red meat intake was not associated with higher incidence of coronary heart disease.<ref>{{Cite journal | doi = 10.1161/CIRCULATIONAHA.109.924977| pmid = 20479151| pmc = 2885952| title = Red and Processed Meat Consumption and Risk of Incident Coronary Heart Disease, Stroke, and Diabetes Mellitus: A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis| journal = Circulation| volume = 121| issue = 21| pages = 2271–83| year = 2010| last1 = Micha | first1 = R.| last2 = Wallace | first2 = S. K.| last3 = Mozaffarian | first3 = D.}}</ref> As of 2020, there is substantial evidence for a link between high consumption of red meat and coronary heart disease.<ref>{{cite journal |last1=Al-Shaar |first1=Laila |last2=Satija |first2=Ambika |last3=Wang |first3=Dong D. |last4=Rimm |first4=Eric B. |last5=Smith-Warner |first5=Stephanie A. |last6=Stampfer |first6=Meir J. |last7=Hu |first7=Frank B. |last8=Willett |first8=Walter C. |title=Red meat intake and risk of coronary heart disease among US men: prospective cohort study |journal=BMJ |date=2 December 2020 |volume=371 |pages=m4141 |doi=10.1136/bmj.m4141 |pmid=33268459 |url=https://www.bmj.com/content/371/bmj.m4141 |language=en |issn=1756-1833|pmc=8030119 }}</ref><ref>{{cite web |title=What's the beef with red meat? |url=https://www.health.harvard.edu/staying-healthy/whats-the-beef-with-red-meat |website=Harvard Health |language=en |date=1 February 2020}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |title=Increasing red meat consumption linked with higher risk of premature death |url=https://www.hsph.harvard.edu/news/press-releases/increasing-red-meat-consumption-linked-with-higher-risk-of-premature-death/ |website=[[Harvard T.H. Chan School of Public Health]] |language=en-us |date=13 June 2019}}</ref>

====Dioxins====
Some cattle raised in the United States feed on pastures fertilized with [[sewage sludge]]. Elevated [[Dioxins and dioxin-like compounds|dioxins]] may be present in meat from these cattle.<ref>{{cite web|title=USDA Emerging Issues |url=http://www.aphis.usda.gov/animal_health/emergingissues/downloads/dioxins.pdf |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120112101355/http://www.aphis.usda.gov/animal_health/emergingissues/downloads/dioxins.pdf |archive-date=12 January 2012 }}</ref>

==== ''E. coli'' recalls ====
Ground beef has been subject to recalls in the United States, due to ''[[Escherichia coli]]'' (''E. coli'') contamination:
* January 2011, One Great Burger expands recall.<ref>{{cite web |title=One Great Burger expands ground beef recall |url=http://www.fsis.usda.gov/News_&_Events/Recall_003_2011_Expanded/index.asp |work=USDA.gov |date=14 January 2011 |author=Cochran, Catherine |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130531082501/http://www.fsis.usda.gov/News_%26_Events/Recall_003_2011_Expanded/index.asp |archive-date=31 May 2013 }}</ref>
* February 2011, American Food Service, a Pico Rivera, Calif. establishment, is recalling approximately {{convert|3170|lb|kg|order=flip|abbr=on}} of fresh ground beef patties and other bulk packages of ground beef products that may be contaminated with ''E. coli'' O157:H7.<ref>{{cite web|title=California firm recalls ground beef |url=http://www.fsis.usda.gov/News_&_Events/Recall_008-2011_Release/index.asp |work=USDA.gov |date=5 February 2011 |author=McIntire, Richard J. |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130531121036/http://www.fsis.usda.gov/News_%26_Events/Recall_008-2011_Release/index.asp |archive-date=31 May 2013 }}</ref>
* March 2011, {{convert|14000|lb|kg|order=flip|abbr=on}} beef recalled by Creekstone Farms Premium Beef due to ''E. coli'' concerns.<ref>{{cite news|title=Kansas City firm recalls beef products|url=http://www.cnn.com/2011/HEALTH/03/10/kansas.beef.recall/index.html| work=CNN | date=10 March 2011}}</ref>
* April 2011, National Beef Packaging recalled more than {{convert|60000|lb|kg|order=flip|abbr=on}} of ground beef due to ''E. coli'' contamination.<ref>{{cite web|title=''E. coli'' in Southeastern US|url=http://www.webmd.com/food-recipes/food-poisoning/news/20110815/ground-beef-recalled-due-to-e-coli|work=WebMD|author= Warner, Jennifer|date= 15 August 2011}}</ref>
* May 2011, Irish Hills Meat Company of Michigan, a Tipton, Mich., establishment is recalling approximately {{convert|900|lb|kg|order=flip|abbr=on}} of ground beef products that may be contaminated with ''E. coli'' O157:H7.<ref>{{cite web|title=Michigan firm recalls ground beef |url=http://www.fsis.usda.gov/News_&_Events/recall_039_2011_release/index.asp |work=USDA.gov |date=31 May 2011 |author=Lindenberger, Joan |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130531080921/http://www.fsis.usda.gov/News_%26_Events/recall_039_2011_release/index.asp |archive-date=31 May 2013 }}</ref>
* September 2011, Tyson Fresh Meats recalled {{convert|131100|lb|kg|order=flip|abbr=on}} of ground beef due to ''E. coli'' contamination.<ref>{{cite news|title=Tyson recalls beef over ''E. coli'' concerns|url=https://www.reuters.com/article/us-tyson-beef-recall-idUSTRE78R3HJ20110928|work=Reuters|date=28 September 2011|access-date=30 June 2017|archive-date=24 September 2015|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150924155458/http://www.reuters.com/article/2011/09/28/us-tyson-beef-recall-idUSTRE78R3HJ20110928|url-status=live}}</ref>
* December 2011, Tyson Fresh Meats recalled {{convert|40000|lb|kg|order=flip|abbr=on}} of ground beef due to ''E. coli'' contamination.<ref>{{cite news|title=Tyson recalls beef due to ''E. coli'' contamination|url=https://www.wsj.com/articles/APc2c84ba3f2374dba99be7df1024c1490|work=The Wall Street Journal|date=16 December 2011|access-date=3 August 2017|archive-date=3 January 2018|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180103011627/https://www.wsj.com/articles/APc2c84ba3f2374dba99be7df1024c1490|url-status=dead}}</ref>
* January 2012, Hannaford Supermarkets recalled all ground beef with sell by dates 17 December 2011 or earlier.<ref>{{cite web|title=Hannaford Supermarket recalls hamburger |url=http://www.wickedlocal.com/norwell/news/x1468791409/Hannaford-announces-ground-beef-recall#axzz1ivNjoWuw |date=7 January 2012 |work=wickedlocal.com |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120114094726/http://www.wickedlocal.com/norwell/news/x1468791409/Hannaford-announces-ground-beef-recall |archive-date=14 January 2012 }}</ref>
* September 2012, XL Foods recalled more than 1800 products believed to be contaminated with ''E. coli'' 0157:H7. The recalled products were produced at the company's plant in Brooks, Alberta, Canada; this was the largest recall of its kind in Canadian History.<ref>{{Cite news|url=https://www.theglobeandmail.com/news/politics/xl-foods-recall-was-product-of-preventable-errors-review-finds/article12363508/|title=XL Foods recall was product of preventable errors, review finds|access-date=30 January 2018}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.foodsafety.gc.ca/english/xl_reprt-rapprte.asp#b|title=Food Safety - Independent Review of XL Foods Inc. Beef Recall 2012|last=Agency|first=Canadian Food Inspection|website=www.foodsafety.gc.ca|language=en|access-date=30 January 2018|date=31 October 2011|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180212061337/http://www.foodsafety.gc.ca/english/xl_reprt-rapprte.asp#b|archive-date=12 February 2018|url-status=dead}}</ref>

==== Mad cow disease ====
{{Main|Bovine spongiform encephalopathy}}
In 1984, the use of [[meat and bone meal]] in cattle feed resulted in the world's first outbreak of [[bovine spongiform encephalopathy]] (BSE or, colloquially, mad cow disease) in the United Kingdom.<ref>{{cite web
|url=https://www.newscientist.com/channel/health/dn9926-timeline-bse-and-vcjd.html
|title=Timeline: BSE and vCJD
|publisher=NewScientist.com news service
|date=13 December 2004
|access-date=10 August 2007}}</ref>
[[File:Garske_2010_vCJD_UK_trends.png|thumb|Deaths in the UK caused by vCJD from the start of the BSE outbreak up until 2009. MM and MV refer to the two genotypes of vCJD.<ref name="Garske2010">{{cite journal |last1=Garske |first1=Tini |last2=Ghani |first2=Azra C. |date=23 December 2010 |title=Uncertainty in the Tail of the Variant Creutzfeldt-Jakob Disease Epidemic in the UK |journal=PLOS ONE |volume=5 |issue=12 |pages=e15626 |doi=10.1371/journal.pone.0015626 |doi-access=free |pmid=21203419 |pmc=3009744 |bibcode=2010PLoSO...515626G }}</ref>]]
Since then, other countries have had outbreaks of BSE:
* In May 2003, after a cow with BSE was discovered in [[Alberta]], Canada, the American border was closed to live Canadian cattle, but was reopened in early 2005.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.foodproductiondaily.com/news/ng.asp?id=59810-canadian-beef-industry |title=Canadian beef industry loses patience over border dispute |work=Foodproductiondaily.com |date=4 May 2005|author=Fletcher, Anthony |access-date=18 December 2011}}</ref>
* In June 2005, Dr. John Clifford, chief veterinary officer for the [[United States Department of Agriculture]] animal health inspection service, confirmed a fully domestic case of BSE in [[Texas]]. Clifford would not identify the ranch, calling that "privileged information."<ref>{{cite news|last=Mcneil |first=Donald G. |url=https://www.nytimes.com/2005/06/30/national/30cow.html |title=reported Case of Mad Cow in Texas Is First to Originate in U.S. |work=The New York Times|date=30 June 2005}}</ref> The 12-year-old animal was alive at the time when [[Oprah Winfrey]] raised concerns about cannibalistic feeding practices on her show<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.mcspotlight.org/media/television/oprah_transcript.html |title=Oprah transcript from recording 15 April 1996 |work=Mcspotlight.org |date=15 April 1996 |access-date=18 December 2011}}</ref> which aired 16 April 1996.

In 2010, the EU, through the European Food Safety Authority (EFSA), proposed a roadmap to gradually lift the restrictions on the feed ban.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://ec.europa.eu/food/food/biosafety/tse_bse/dg_sanco_en.htm |title=Food and Feed Safety, TSE/BSE |access-date=27 September 2015 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160305114818/http://ec.europa.eu/food/food/biosafety/tse_bse/dg_sanco_en.htm |archive-date=5 March 2016 }}</ref> In 2013, the ban on feeding mammal-based products to cattle,<ref>{{cite web|url=http://eur-lex.europa.eu/legal-content/EN/TXT/?uri=CELEX:32001R0999&qid=1443397425237|title=Regulation No 999/2001|date=22 May 2001|publisher=EU|access-date=28 September 2015}}</ref> was amended to allow for certain milk, fish, eggs, and plant-fed farm animal products to be used.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://eur-lex.europa.eu/legal-content/EN/TXT/?qid=1443397425237&uri=CELEX:32013R0056|title=EU Commission Regulation No 56/2013|date=16 January 2013|publisher=EU Commission|access-date=28 September 2015}}</ref>