Editing Antisemitism (section)

===Imperial Russia===
[[File:Ekaterinoslav1905.jpg|thumb|upright=1.3|The victims of a 1905 [[pogrom]] in [[Dnipro|Yekaterinoslav]], Russian Empire (modern-day Ukraine)]]

Thousands of Jews were slaughtered by Cossack [[Haidamaka|Haidamaks]] in the 1768 [[massacre of Uman]] in the [[Crown of the Kingdom of Poland|Kingdom of Poland]]. In 1772, the empress of Russia [[Catherine the Great|Catherine II]] forced the Jews into the [[Pale of Settlement]] &ndash; which was located primarily in present-day Poland, Ukraine, and Belarus &ndash; and to stay in their [[shtetls]] and forbade them from returning to the towns that they occupied before the [[partition of Poland]]. From 1804, Jews were banned from their villages and began to stream into the towns.{{sfnp|Johnson|1987|p=358}} A decree by emperor [[Nicholas I of Russia]] in 1827 conscripted Jews under 18 years of age into the [[cantonist]] schools for a 25-year military service in order to promote baptism.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.yivoencyclopedia.org/article.aspx/Military_Service_in_Russia |title=Military Service in Russia |author1-link=Yohanan Petrovsky-Shtern |last=Petrovsky-Shtern |first=Yohanan |date=8 June 2017 |website=YIVO Encyclopedia of Jews in Eastern Europe |access-date=20 October 2017 |archive-date=7 February 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210207052626/https://yivoencyclopedia.org/article.aspx/Military_Service_in_Russia |url-status=live}}</ref>

Policy towards Jews was liberalised somewhat under [[Czar Alexander II]] ({{reign|1855|1881}}).{{sfnp|Johnson|1987|p=359}} However, his assassination in 1881 served as a pretext for further repression such as the [[May Laws]] of 1882. [[Konstantin Pobedonostsev]], nicknamed the "black czar" and tutor to the [[czarevitch]], later crowned [[Czar Nicholas II]], declared that "One-third of the Jews must die, one-third must emigrate, and one third be converted to Christianity".<ref>{{cite book |last=Van der Kriste |first=John |author-link=John Van der Kiste |title=The Romanovs 1818–1959 |publisher=Sutton |date=1998 |page=104}}</ref>