Editing Adoption (section)

==Forced adoption==
{{Main|Forced adoption}}
{{See also|Family preservation}}
[[Family preservation]] is the emphasis that, if possible, mothers and children should be kept together.<ref>Adoption History Project (University of Oregon), [http://darkwing.uoregon.edu/~adoption/topics/illegitimacy.htm Topic Illegtimacy]</ref> In the U.S., this was clearly illustrated by the shift in policy of the New York Foundling Home, an adoption-institution that is among the country's oldest and one that had pioneered sealed records. It established three new principles including "to prevent placements of children...", reflecting the belief that children would be better served by staying with their biological families, a striking shift in policy that remains in force today.<ref>Martin Gottlieb, The Foundling, 2001, pg. 105–106</ref> In addition, groups such as Origins USA (founded in 1997) started to actively speak about family preservation and the rights of mothers.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://originsusa.memberlodge.org/Default.aspx?pageId=24588 |title= Position Papers |website=OriginsUSA |access-date=2008-05-02 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20070912150651/http://originsusa.memberlodge.org/Default.aspx?pageId=24588 |archive-date=12 September 2007 }}</ref> The intellectual tone of these reform movements was influenced by the publishing of ''[[The Primal Wound]]'' by [[Nancy Verrier]]. "Primal wound" is described as the "devastation which the infant feels because of separation from its birth mother. It is the deep and consequential feeling of abandonment which the baby adoptee feels after the adoption and which may continue for the rest of his life."<ref name="primal-page.com"/>

Forced adoption has also been enforced with the rationale of child welfare. The children of unwed or single mothers are commonly the target of such forced adoption. This was prominent during [[baby scoop era]] in the 1950s through the 1970s in the [[anglosphere]]. The children of parents in poverty have also been targeted for forced adoption under the rationale of child welfare. This was often the case for [[Verdingkinder]] or "contract children" in Switzerland between the 1850s through the middle of the twentieth century.

===Forced assimilation===
{{See also|Forced assimilation}}
Removing children of ethnic minorities from their families to be adopted by those of the dominant ethnic group has been used as a method of [[forced assimilation]]. Forced adoption based on ethnicity occurred during World War II. In German-occupied Poland, it is estimated that 200,000 Polish children with purportedly Aryan traits were [[Kidnapping of children for forced Germanization by Nazi Germany|removed from their families]] and given to German or Austrian couples,<ref>"[http://www.ft.com/cms/s/2/edf71f50-c208-11de-be3a-00144feab49a.html Searching for missing relatives in Poland]". ''[[Financial Times]]''. 30 October 2009.</ref> and only 25,000 returned to their families after the war.<ref>[[Gitta Sereny]], [https://www.jewishvirtuallibrary.org/jsource/Holocaust/children.html "Stolen Children"], rpt. in ''[[Jewish Virtual Library]]'' ([[American-Israeli Cooperative Enterprise]]). Accessed 15 September 2008.</ref> The [[Stolen Generation]] of [[Aboriginal Peoples|Aboriginal people]] in Australia were affected by similar policies,<ref>{{cite web|url=http://australia.gov.au/about-australia/australian-story/sorry-day-stolen-generations|title=Sorry Day and the Stolen Generations|publisher=Australian Government|access-date=16 June 2012|url-status=dead|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120512054900/http://australia.gov.au/about-australia/australian-story/sorry-day-stolen-generations|archive-date=12 May 2012}}</ref> as were [[Native Americans in the United States]]<ref>{{cite web| url= http://darkwing.uoregon.edu/~adoption/topics/IAP.html|title=The Adoption History Project|publisher=Department of History, University of Oregon|access-date=16 June 2012}}</ref> and [[First Nations in Canada|First Nations]] of [[Canada]].<ref>{{cite web| url= http://www.aadnc-aandc.gc.ca/eng/1307460755710|title=First Nations in Canada
|publisher=Aboriginal Affairs and Northern Development Canada|access-date=16 June 2012|date=2011-06-07
}}</ref> These practices have become significant social and political issues in recent years, and in many cases the policies have changed.<ref name="google1">{{cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=EiPWZm49bLYC&q=%22adoption+fraud+is%22&pg=PA218 |title=Yes, You Can Adopt!: A Comprehensive Guide to Adoption|access-date=12 December 2011|isbn=9780786710355|year=2003|last1=Mintzer|first1=Richard|publisher=Carroll & Graf }}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.adoptimist.com/adoption-blog/internet-adoption-scams-russian-adoption-ban|title=Internet Adoption Scams and the Russian Adoption Ban|last=Bernardo|first=Sanford M.|date=31 December 2012|publisher=Adoptimist|access-date=3 June 2013}}</ref> The United States, for example, now has the 1978 [[Indian Child Welfare Act]], which allows the tribe and family of a Native American child to be involved in adoption decisions, with preference being given to adoption within the child's tribe.<ref>[http://www.nicwa.org/Indian_Child_Welfare_Act/ National Indian Child Welfare Association: the Indian Child Welfare Act of 1978 (ICWA)] {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130514175842/http://www.nicwa.org/Indian_Child_Welfare_Act/ |date=14 May 2013 }}</ref> While forced assimilation usually revolves around ethnicity, assimilating children of political minorities has also occurred. In [[Spain]] under [[Francisco Franco]]'s 1939–1975 dictatorship the newborns of some left-wing opponents of the regime, or unmarried or poor couples, were removed from their mothers and adopted. New mothers were frequently told their babies had died suddenly after birth and the hospital had taken care of their burials, when in fact they were given or sold to another family. It is believed that up to 300,000 babies were involved. These practices—which allegedly involved doctors, nurses, nuns and priests—outlived Franco's death in 1975 and carried on as an illegal baby trafficking network until 1987 when a new law regulating adoption was introduced.<ref>[https://www.theguardian.com/world/2018/jun/26/spanish-doctor-eduardo-vela-trial-franco-era-stolen-babies Spanish doctor stands trial over Franco-era 'stolen babies']</ref><ref>[https://www.bbc.co.uk/news/magazine-15335899 Spain's stolen babies and the families who lived a lie]</ref>