Editing Abortion (section)

==History==
{{Main|History of abortion}}

[[File:AngkorWatAbortionAD1150.JPG|thumb|[[Bas-relief]] at [[Angkor Wat]], [[Cambodia]], c. 1150, depicting a [[demon]] inducing an abortion by pounding the abdomen of a pregnant woman with a [[pestle]]<ref name="potts"/><ref>{{cite book |vauthors=Mould RF |title=Mould's Medical Anecdotes |page=406 |publisher=CRC Press |year=1996 |isbn=978-0-85274-119-1| url=https://archive.org/details/moreofmouldsmedi00moulrich/page/406}}</ref>]]

Since [[ancient times]], abortions have been done using a number of methods, including [[herbal medicine]]s acting as [[abortifacient]]s, sharp tools through the use of force, or through other [[traditional medicine]] methods.<ref name="Management of Abortion, Chp 1"/> Induced abortion has a long history and can be traced back to civilizations as varied as ancient China (abortifacient knowledge is often attributed to the mythological ruler [[Shennong]]),<ref>{{cite book| title=Medical History of Contraception| vauthors = Himes NE |publisher=Gamut Press|year=1963|pages=109–110}}</ref> [[ancient India]] since its [[Vedic age]],<ref name="Misra2006">{{cite book| vauthors = Misra P |title=Domestic Violence Against Women: Legal Control and Judicial Response|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=dp6-_NMfsIsC&pg=PA79| year=2006| publisher=Deep & Deep Publications|isbn=978-81-7629-896-4|pages=79–80|quote=References in Atharva Veda show that abortion was known in the Vedic age.|access-date=5 July 2021|archive-date=9 July 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210709185150/https://books.google.com/books?id=dp6-_NMfsIsC&pg=PA79|url-status=live}}</ref> [[ancient Egypt]] with its [[Ebers Papyrus]] ({{circa|1550 BCE}}), and the Roman Empire in the time of [[Juvenal]] ({{circa|200 CE}}).<ref name="Management of Abortion, Chp 1"/> One of the earliest known artistic representations of abortion is in a [[bas relief]] at Angkor Wat ({{circa|1150}}). Found in a series of [[frieze]]s that represent judgment after death in [[Hinduism|Hindu]] and [[Buddhist]] culture, it depicts the technique of abdominal abortion.<ref name="potts"/>

Some medical scholars and abortion opponents have suggested that the [[Hippocratic Oath]] forbade physicians in [[Ancient Greece]] from performing abortions;<ref name="Management of Abortion, Chp 1"/> other scholars disagree with this interpretation,<ref name="Management of Abortion, Chp 1"/> and state that the medical texts of [[Hippocratic Corpus]] contain descriptions of abortive techniques right alongside the Oath.<ref>{{cite book| vauthors = Miles SH |title=The Hippocratic Oath and the Ethics of Medicine|year=2005|publisher=Oxford University Press|isbn=978-0-19-518820-2}}</ref> In ''[[Politics (Aristotle)|Politics]]'' (350&nbsp;BCE), [[Aristotle]] condemned infanticide as a means of population control. He preferred abortion in such cases,<ref>{{cite book| vauthors=Carrick P |title=Medical Ethics in the Ancient World| year=2001 |publisher=Georgetown University Press|isbn=978-0-87840-849-8}}</ref><ref>{{cite journal| vauthors=Meyer HS |date=17 April 2002|title=Ancient Ethics: Medical Ethics in the Ancient World|journal=JAMA |publisher=American Medical Association|volume=287|issue=15|pages=2005–2006|doi=10.1001/jama.287.15.2005-JBK0417-3-1 |s2cid=240484236 }}</ref> with the restriction that it "must be practised on it before it has developed sensation and life; for the line between lawful and unlawful abortion will be marked by the fact of having sensation and being alive."<ref>{{cite book| author=Aristotele| title=Aristotle, Politics|translator=Rackham H|year=1944|url=https://www.perseus.tufts.edu/hopper/text?doc=Perseus%3Atext%3A1999.01.0058%3Abook%3D7%3Asection%3D1335b |publisher=Harvard University Press |access-date=21 June 2011| via=Perseus|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110622094459/http://www.perseus.tufts.edu/hopper/text?doc=Perseus%3Atext%3A1999.01.0058%3Abook%3D7%3Asection%3D1335b|archive-date=22 June 2011}}</ref> Abortion has been a fairly common practice,<ref>{{cite book| vauthors = Reagan LJ |year=2022|orig-year=1997|title=When Abortion Was a Crime: Women, Medicine and the Law in the United States, 1867–1973|edition=1st |location=Berkeley| publisher=University of California Press|isbn=978-0-520-38741-6}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|vauthors=Blakemore E|date=22 May 2022 |url=https://www.nationalgeographic.com/history/article/the-complex-early-history-of-abortion-in-the-united-states |title=The complex early history of abortion in the United States|website=National Geographic|access-date=26 July 2022| quote=But that view of history is the subject of great dispute. Though interpretations differ, most scholars who have investigated the history of abortion argue that terminating a pregnancy wasn't always illegal—or even controversial.| archive-date=26 July 2022|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220726201522/https://www.nationalgeographic.com/history/article/the-complex-early-history-of-abortion-in-the-united-states|url-status=dead}}</ref> and was not always illegal or controversial until the 19th century.<ref name="Hardin 1978">{{cite journal| vauthors = Hardin G |date=December 1978|title=Abortion in America. The Origins and Evolution of National Policy, 1800–1900. James C. Mohr|journal=The Quarterly Review of Biology| volume=53| issue=4| page=499|doi=10.1086/410954|quote=The long silence had led us to assume that opposition to abortion had existed from time immemorial. Not so: most of the opposition to, and all of the laws against, abortion arose in the 19th century. Historian Mohr amply documents the earlier acceptance of abortion. ... In the 19th century even many of the feminists expressed horror at abortion, urging abstinence instead. Not so in the 20th century. In the 19th century the medical profession was fairly united against abortion; Mohr argues that this arose from the commercial competition between the 'regulars' (men with M.D.'s) and the irregulars (women without M.D.'s). ... A key role in generating prohibition laws was played by the press, ... . By 1900 the abortion-prohibition laws were immune to questioning, as they remained until the 1960's when feminists and a new breed of physicians combined to arouse the public to the injustice of the law. ... the ''Roe v. Wade'' decision of the Supreme Court ... essentially returned the practice of abortion to the permissive state ''ante'' 1820.}}</ref><ref>{{cite journal| vauthors = Acevedo ZP |date=Summer 1979|title=Abortion in early America| journal=Women Health|volume=4|issue=2|pages=159–167|doi=10.1300/J013v04n02_05|pmid=10297561 |quote=This piece describes abortion practices in use from the 1600s to the 19th century among the inhabitants of North America. The abortive techniques of women from different ethnic and racial groups as found in historical literature are revealed. Thus, the point is made that abortion is not simply a 'now issue' that effects select women. Instead, it is demonstrated that it is a widespread practice as solidly rooted in our past as it is in the present.}}</ref> In Europe and North America, abortion techniques advanced starting in the 17th century; the [[conservatism]] of most in the medical profession with regards to sexual matters prevented the wide expansion of abortion techniques.<ref name="Management of Abortion, Chp 1"/><ref>{{cite book| title=Abortion in America: The Origins and Evolution of National Policy| vauthors = Mohr JC |year=1978|pages=[https://archive.org/details/abortioninameric00mohr/page/35 35–36]|publisher=Oxford University Press|isbn=978-0-19-502616-0| url=https://archive.org/details/abortioninameric00mohr/page/35}}</ref><ref>{{cite book|vauthors=Paul M, Lichtenberg ES, Borgatta L, Grimes DA, Stubblefield PG, Creinin MD, Joffe C|year=2009|chapter-url=http://media.wiley.com/product_data/excerpt/62/14051769/1405176962.pdf|url-status=live|chapter=Abortion and Medicine: A Sociopolitical History|title=Management of Unintended and Abnormal Pregnancy|edition=1st|location=Oxford|publisher=John Wiley & Sons| isbn=978-1-4443-1293-5|ol=15895486W|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120119025652/http://media.wiley.com/product_data/excerpt/62/14051769/1405176962.pdf|archive-date=19 January 2012}}</ref> Other medical practitioners in addition to some physicians advertised their services, and they were not widely regulated until the 19th century when the practice, sometimes called ''[[restellism]]'',<ref>{{cite news| vauthors = Dannenfelser M |title=The Suffragettes Would Not Agree With Feminists Today on Abortion| url=https://time.com/4093214/suffragettes-abortion/|access-date=4 November 2015|magazine=Time|date=4 November 2015|url-status=live| archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20151106015742/http://time.com/4093214/suffragettes-abortion/| archive-date=6 November 2015}}</ref> was banned in both the United States and the United Kingdom.<ref name="Management of Abortion, Chp 1"/>{{refn|In the United States, the first laws related to abortion beginning in the 1820s were made to protect women from real or perceived risks, and those more restrictive penalized only the provider. By 1859, abortion was not a crime in 21 out of 33 states, and was prohibited only post-quickening, while penalties for pre-quickening abortions were lower. This changed starting in the 1860s under the influence of [[anti-immigrant]] and [[anti-Catholic]] sentiment.<ref name="Georgian 2022"/>|group=nb}}

[[File:FrenchPeriodicalPills-January61845,BostonDailyTimes.jpg|thumb|"French Periodical Pills" was an example of a clandestine advertisement published in a January 1845 edition of the ''[[Boston Daily Times]]''.<ref>{{cite book |url=https://www.worldcat.org/oclc/53993049 |title=The abortion rights controversy in America: a legal reader |date=2004 |publisher=University of North Carolina Press |editor-first=N. E. H. |editor-last=Hull |editor-first2=Williamjames |editor-last2=Hoffer |editor-first3=Peter Charles |editor-last3=Hoffer |isbn=0-8078-2873-4 |location=Chapel Hill |oclc=53993049 |page=17 |access-date=21 April 2023 |archive-date=1 July 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240701041348/https://search.worldcat.org/title/53993049 |url-status=live }}</ref>]]

Some 19th-century physicians, argued for anti-abortion laws on [[racist]] and [[misogynist]] as well as moral grounds.<ref name="NPR 2022"/><ref>{{cite book |last=Poole |first=W. Scott |url=https://archive.org/details/sataninamericade0000pool |title=Satan in America: The Devil We Know |publisher=[[Rowman & Littlefield]] |year=2009 |isbn=978-0-7425-6171-7 |page=86 |access-date=2023-03-20 |url-access=registration }}</ref><ref>{{cite journal| vauthors = Wilson C |date=2 November 2020|title=Nostalgia, Entitlement and Victimhood: The Synergy of White Genocide and Misogyny|journal=Terrorism and Political Violence|volume=34 |issue=8 |publisher=Routledge|pages=1810–1825|doi=10.1080/09546553.2020.1839428 |s2cid=228837398 }} Storer is cited at p. 4.</ref> Church groups were also highly influential in [[anti-abortion movement]]s,<ref name="Management of Abortion, Chp 1"/><ref name="Hardin 1978"/><ref name="NPR 2022">{{cite news |vauthors=Abdeltath R, Arablouei R, Caine J, Kaplan-Levenson L, Wu L, Yvellez V, Miner C, Sangweni Y, Steinberg A, George D |display-authors=6 |title=Before Roe: The Physicians' Crusade |url=https://www.npr.org/2022/05/18/1099795225/before-roe-the-physicians-crusade |work=Throughline |publisher=NPR |access-date=26 July 2022 |archive-date=26 July 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220726150545/https://www.npr.org/2022/05/18/1099795225/before-roe-the-physicians-crusade |url-status=live }}</ref> and religious groups more so since the 20th century.<ref name="Samuels & Potts 2022">{{cite web| vauthors=Samuels A, Potts M|date=25 July 2022|url=https://fivethirtyeight.com/features/how-the-fight-to-ban-abortion-is-rooted-in-the-great-replacement-theory/|title=How The Fight To Ban Abortion Is Rooted In The 'Great Replacement' Theory| website=FiveThirtyEight|access-date=26 July 2022|archive-date=25 July 2022|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220725234312/https://fivethirtyeight.com/features/how-the-fight-to-ban-abortion-is-rooted-in-the-great-replacement-theory/|url-status=live}}</ref> Some of the early [[anti-abortion laws]] punished only the doctor or abortionist,<ref name="Georgian 2022">{{cite web |date=1 July 2022 |title=The End of Roe in Historical Perspective |url=https://clioandthecontemporary.com/2022/07/01/the-end-of-roe-in-historical-perspective/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220727180424/https://clioandthecontemporary.com/2022/07/01/the-end-of-roe-in-historical-perspective/ |archive-date=27 July 2022 |access-date=27 July 2022 |website=Clio and the Contemporary |vauthors=Georgian E}}</ref> and while women could be criminally tried for a [[self-induced abortion]],<ref name="Alford 2003">{{cite journal| vauthors = Alford S |title=Is Self-Abortion a Fundamental Right?|volume=52|journal=Duke Law Journal|pages=1011–1029| issue=5| year=2003| jstor=1373127|pmid=12964572}}</ref> they were rarely prosecuted in general.<ref name="Hardin 1978"/> Some maintain that in the 19th century early abortions under the hygienic conditions in which [[midwives]] usually worked were relatively safe.<ref>{{cite journal| vauthors = Lee CA |year=1838|title=Report of a Trial for Murder|journal=American Journal of the Medical Sciences|volume=XXII|pages=351–353}}</ref><ref>Benjamin Bailey, "Induction of abortion and premature labor", ''North American Journal of Homeopathy'', vol. XI, no. 3 (1896), pp. 144–150.</ref><ref>Keith Simpson, ''Forensic Medicine'', Edward Arnold Publishers, 1969 [first published 1947], pp. 173–174.</ref> Several scholars argue that, despite improved medical procedures, the period from the 1930s until the 1970s saw more zealous enforcement of anti-abortion laws, alongside an increasing control of abortion providers by organized crime.{{refn|For sources, see:
* James Donner, ''Women in Trouble: The Truth about Abortion in America'', Monarch Books, 1959.
* Ann Oakley, ''The Captured Womb'', Basil Blackwell, 1984, p. 91.
* Rickie Solinger, ''The Abortionist: A Woman Against the Law'', The Free Press, 1994, pp. xi, 5, 16–17, 157–175.
* Leslie J. Reagan, ''When Abortion Was a Crime: Women, Medicine, and Law in the United States, 1867–1973'', University of California Press, 1997.
* Max Evans, ''Madam Millie: Bordellos from Silver City to Ketchikan'', University of New Mexico Press, 2002, pp. 209–218, 230, 267–286, 305.|group=nb}} In 1920, [[Soviet Russia]] became the first country to legalize abortion after [[Lenin]] insisted that no woman be forced to give birth.<ref name="Bullough 2001 p. 5">{{cite book | last=Bullough | first=V.L. | title=Encyclopedia of Birth Control | publisher=ABC-CLIO | series=ABC-CLIO E-Books | year=2001 | isbn=978-1-57607-181-6 | url=https://books.google.com/books?id=XuX-MGTZnJoC&pg=PA5 | access-date=2022-10-19 | page=5 | archive-date=24 January 2023 | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230124173418/https://books.google.com/books?id=XuX-MGTZnJoC&pg=PA5 | url-status=live }}</ref><ref name="Raphael 2011 p. 30">{{cite book | last=Raphael | first=D. | title=Being Female: Reproduction, Power, and Change | publisher=De Gruyter | series=World Anthropology | year=2011 | isbn=978-3-11-081312-8 | url=https://books.google.com/books?id=84hyfRRHeakC&pg=PA30 | access-date=2022-10-19 | page=30 | archive-date=24 January 2023 | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230124173418/https://books.google.com/books?id=84hyfRRHeakC&pg=PA30 | url-status=live }}</ref> [[Iceland]] (1935), [[Sweden]] (1938), [[Nazi Germany]] (1935)<ref>For sources describing abortion policy in Nazi Germany, see:
* {{cite book| vauthors = Friedlander H |title=The origins of Nazi genocide: from euthanasia to the final solution|publisher=University of North Carolina Press|location=Chapel Hill|year=1995|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=gqLDEKVk2nMC|page=30|isbn=978-0-8078-4675-9|oclc=60191622|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160729051956/https://books.google.com/books?id=gqLDEKVk2nMC|archive-date=29 July 2016}}
* {{cite book| vauthors = Proctor RN |title=Racial Hygiene: Medicine Under the Nazis|publisher=Harvard University Press|year=1988|pages=[https://archive.org/details/racialhygiene00robe/page/122 122–123, 366]|isbn=978-0-674-74578-0|oclc=20760638|url=https://archive.org/details/racialhygiene00robe/page/122}}
* {{cite book | vauthors = Arnot ML, Usborne C|title=Gender and Crime in Modern Europe|publisher=Routledge|location=New York|year=1999|page=231|isbn=978-1-85728-745-5|oclc=186748539}}
* {{cite encyclopedia|vauthors=DiMeglio PM|veditors=Tierney H|encyclopedia=Women's Studies Encyclopedia|title=Germany 1933–1945 (National Socialism)|year=1999|publisher=Greenwood Press|location=Westport, Connecticut|isbn=978-0-313-31072-0|oclc=38504469|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=gQLqRd7hJq0C|page=589|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20151015195038/https://books.google.com/books?id=gQLqRd7hJq0C|archive-date=15 October 2015}}</ref> and [[Japan]] (1948).<ref>{{cite news |last1=Ye Hee Lee |first1=Michelle |title=In Japan, Abortion is Legal — But Most Women Need Their Husband's Consent |url=https://www.washingtonpost.com/world/2022/06/14/japan-abortion-pill-women-reproductive-rights/ |access-date=March 16, 2023 |date=June 14, 2022}}</ref><ref name="Wingfield-Hayes_8/31/2022">{{cite web | last=Wingfield-Hayes | first=Rupert | title=Abortion pill: Why Japanese women will need their partner's consent to get a tablet | website=[[BBC News]] | date=August 31, 2022 | url=https://www.bbc.com/news/world-asia-62515356 | access-date=March 15, 2023 | quote=It was actually one of the first countries in the world to pass an abortion law, back in 1948. But it was part of the Eugenics Protection Law – yes, it really was called that. It had nothing to do with giving women more control over their reproductive health. Rather, it was about preventing 'inferior' births. ... So, to this day, women who want an abortion must get written permission from their husband, partner, or in some cases their boyfriend. ... Unlike the US, Japanese views on abortion are not driven by religious belief. Instead, they derive from a long history of patriarchy and deeply traditional views on the role of women and motherhood. | archive-date=5 March 2023 | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230305214443/https://www.bbc.com/news/world-asia-62515356 | url-status=live }}</ref> would follow suit to legalize abortion in some form.<ref name="cbctrust">{{cite web|url=http://www.cbctrust.com/history_law_religion.php|title=Abortion Law, History & Religion|access-date=23 March 2008|publisher=Childbirth By Choice Trust|archive-url=https://archive.today/20080208053146/http://www.cbctrust.com/history_law_religion.php|archive-date=8 February 2008}}{{cbignore}}</ref> Beginning in the second half of the 20th century, abortion was legalized in a greater number of countries.<ref name="Management of Abortion, Chp 1"/>