Editing 1970s (section)

==Society==

===Role of women in society===
[[File:Isabel Martinez de Peron.jpg|thumb|left|upright|[[Isabel Perón]] becomes the first woman President of Argentina in 1974 and the first woman non-monarch head of state in the [[Western hemisphere]].]]
[[File:Margaret Thatcher at White House.jpg|thumb|upright|[[Margaret Thatcher]] shortly before becoming the United Kingdom's first woman Prime Minister in 1979. Thatcher's political and economic agenda began the first government committed to [[neoliberalism]].]]
The role of women in society was profoundly altered with growing [[feminism]] across the world and with the presence and rise of a significant number of women as heads of state outside monarchies and heads of government in a number of countries across the world during the 1970s, many being the first women to hold such positions. Non-monarch women heads of state and heads of government in this period included [[Isabel Perón]] as the first woman President in Argentina and the first woman non-monarch head of state in the [[Western hemisphere]] in 1974 until being deposed in 1976, [[Elisabeth Domitien]] becomes the first woman Prime Minister of the Central African Republic, [[Indira Gandhi]] continuing as Prime Minister of India until 1977 (and taking office again in 1980), [[Sirimavo Bandaranaike]], Prime minister of Sri Lanka (Former [[Ceylon]]) and first female head of government in the world, re-elected in 1970, Prime Minister [[Golda Meir]] of Israel and acting chairman [[Soong Ching-ling]] of the People's Republic of China continuing their leadership from the sixties, [[Lidia Gueiler Tejada]] becoming the interim President of Bolivia beginning from 1979 to 1980, [[Maria de Lourdes Pintasilgo]] becoming the first woman Prime Minister of Portugal in 1979, and [[Margaret Thatcher]] becoming the first woman Prime Minister of the United Kingdom in 1979. Both Indira Gandhi and Margaret Thatcher would remain important political figures in the following decade in the 1980s.

Pope Paul VI recognized the popularity of [[Catholic Church|Catholic]] feminists, but ultimately held to tradition when it came to leaving bishops, priests, and deacons a male-only position.<ref>{{Cite book |url=https://www.worldcat.org/oclc/1093360 |title=Religions of America: Ferment and Faith in an Age of Crisis: A New Guide and Almanac |date=1975 |publisher=Simon and Schuster |editor-first=Leo|editor-last=Rosten |isbn=0-671-21970-7 |location=New York |pages=472 |oclc=1093360}}</ref>

===Social movements===

====Anti-war protests====
[[File:Vietnam War protest in Washington DC April 1971.jpg|thumb|[[Opposition to United States involvement in the Vietnam War|Anti-war protest against the Vietnam War]] in Washington, D.C., on April 24, 1971.]]
The [[Opposition to United States involvement in the Vietnam War|opposition to]] the [[War in Vietnam]] that began in the 1960s grew exponentially during the early 1970s. One of the best-known anti-war demonstrations was the [[Kent State shootings]]. In 1970, university students were protesting the war and the draft. Riots ensued during the weekend and the National Guard was called in to maintain the peace. However, by 4 May 1970, tensions arose again, and as the crowd grew larger, the National Guard started shooting. Four students were killed and nine were injured. This event caused disbelief and shock throughout the country and became a staple of anti-Vietnam demonstrations.

====Environmentalism====
The 1970s started a mainstream affirmation of the [[environmentalism|environmental issues]] early activists from the 1960s, such as [[Rachel Carson]] and [[Murray Bookchin]], had warned of. The [[Apollo 11]] mission, which had occurred at the end of the previous decade, had transmitted back concrete images of the Earth as an integrated, life-supporting system and shaped a public willingness to preserve nature. On April 22, 1970, the United States celebrated its first [[Earth Day]], in which over two thousand colleges and universities and roughly ten thousand primary and secondary schools participated.

====Sexual revolution====
{{main|Sexual revolution}}{{further|Golden Age of Porn|New Andy Warhol Garrick Theatre}}
The 1960s counterculture movement had rapidly undone many existing social taboos, and divorce, extramarital sex, and homosexuality were increasingly accepted in the Western world. The event of legalized abortion and over-the-counter birth control pills also played a major factor. Western Europe was in some ways more progressive on sexual liberation than the United States, as [[nudity in film]] and on TV had been gradually accepted there from the mid-1960s, and many European countries during this time began allowing women to go topless in public places. Nudist culture was also popular during the decade, especially in Germany and Scandinavia. Child erotica found a niche market, but would eventually be banned under child pornography laws in the 1980s to 1990s.

The market for adult entertainment in the 1970s was large, and driven in part by the sizable baby boomer population, and the 1972 movie ''[[Behind the Green Door]]'', an X-rated feature, became one of the top-grossing films of the year. ''[[Playboy Magazine]]'' appeared increasingly dull and old-fashioned next to new, more explicit sex-themed magazines such as ''[[Penthouse Magazine]]'' and ''[[Hustler Magazine]]''.

By the end of the decade, there was an increasing backlash against libertine sexual attitudes, and the event of the [[AIDS epidemic]] helped bring about an end to the Sexual Revolution. Adult movie theaters, which had exploded in numbers during the 1970s and were widely seen as a symptom of [[urban decay]] in the US, declined as pornographic movies would largely shift to VHS tapes during the succeeding decade.

====Crime and urban decay====
Crime rates in the US had been low from the 1940s until the mid-1960s, but began to escalate after 1965 due to a complex of social, economic, and demographic factors. By the 1970s, crime and blighted urban areas were a serious cause of concern, New York City being particularly affected. In 1972, the US Supreme Court ruled capital punishment unconstitutional, then reversed the ruling only four years later. 
[[File:Leffler - WomensLib1970 WashingtonDC.jpg|thumb|A Women's Liberation march in Washington, D.C., 1970]]

====Feminism====
{{Main|Second-wave feminism}}
The Second-Wave Feminist Movement in the United States, which had begun in the 1960s, carried over to the 1970s, and took a prominent role within society. The fiftieth anniversary of the passage of the [[Nineteenth Amendment to the United States Constitution]] (which legalized female [[suffrage]]) in 1970 was commemorated by the Women's Strike for Equality and other protests.

1971 saw [[Erin Pizzey]] establish the world's first domestic violence shelter in [[Chiswick]], London and Pizzey and her colleagues opened further facilities throughout the next few years. This work inspired similar networks of safe houses for female victims of abuse in other countries, with the first shelter in continental Europe opening in [[Amsterdam]] in 1974.<ref>{{cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=VPPapvrJsTcC&pg=PA262|title=Family Violence|first1=Mildred Daley|last1=Pagelow|first2=Lloyd W.|last2=Pagelow|date=September 18, 1984|publisher=ABC-CLIO|via=Google Books|isbn=9780275916237}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.theguardian.com/society/2014/aug/03/domestic-violence-refuge-crisis-women-closure-safe-houses|title=Domestic violence refuge provision at crisis point, warn charities|first=Sandra|last=Laville|date=August 3, 2014|website=The Guardian}}</ref>

With the anthology ''[[Sisterhood is Powerful]]'' and other works, such as ''[[Sexual Politics]]'', being published at the start of the decade, feminism started to reach a larger audience than ever before.  In addition, the [[Supreme Court of the United States|Supreme Court]]'s 1973 decision of ''[[Roe v. Wade]]'', which constitutionalized the right to an abortion, brought the women's rights movement into the national political spotlight.

[[Gloria Steinem]], [[Betty Friedan]], [[Betty Ford]], [[Shirley Chisholm]], [[Bella Abzug]], [[Robin Morgan]], [[Kate Millett]] and [[Elizabeth Holtzman]], among many others, led the movement for women's equality.

Even musically, the women's movement had its shining moment.  Australian-American singer [[Helen Reddy]], recorded the song "[[I Am Woman]]", which became an anthem for the [[women's liberation movement]]. "I Am Woman" reached No.&nbsp;1 on the Billboard Hot 100 chart and even won Helen her one and only Grammy Award.

Another movement to arise was the 1970s [[Goddess movement]], which took place to combat patriarchal ideas of religion.<ref>{{cite journal|first=Denise|last=Dijk|title=The Goddess Movement in the U.S.A. A Religion for Women Only|journal=Archiv für Religionspsychologie / Archive for the Psychology of Religion|url=https://www.jstor.org/stable/23918114|publisher=[[SAGE Publishing|SAGE]]|pages=258–266|volume=18|date=1988|issue=1|doi=10.1163/157361288X00144|jstor=23918114|s2cid=178261133|access-date=2021-12-18}}</ref><ref>{{Cite book|title=Encyclopedia of Gender and Society|last=O'Brien|first=Jodi|publisher=SAGE Publications|year=2008|isbn=9781452266022|location=Thousand Oaks, CA|pages=709}}</ref>

Most efforts of the movement, especially aims at social equality and repeal of the remaining oppressive, sexist laws, were successful. Doors of opportunity were more numerous and much further open than before as women gained unheard of success in business, politics, education, science, the law, and even [[homemaker|the home]]. Although most aims of the movement were successful, however, there were some significant failures, most notably the failure to ratify the [[Equal Rights Amendment]] to the [[U.S. Constitution]] with only three more states needed to ratify it (efforts to ratify ERA in the unratified states continues to this day and twenty-two states have adopted state ERAs). Also, the [[Gender pay gap|wage gap]] failed to close, but it did become smaller.

The second wave feminist movement in the United States largely ended in 1982 with the failure of the Equal Rights Amendment, and with new conservative leadership in Washington, D.C..  American women created a brief, but powerful, [[Third-wave feminism|third-wave]] in the early 1990s which addressed [[sexual harassment]] (inspired by the [[Anita Hill]]–[[Clarence Thomas]] [[Senate Judiciary Committee]] hearings of 1991). The results of the movement included a new awareness of such issues among women, and unprecedented numbers of women elected to public office, [[Year of the Woman|particularly the United States Senate]].

====Civil rights====
The [[Civil rights movement|Civil Rights Movement]] of the 1960s began to fracture in the 1970s, as social groups began defining themselves more by their differences than by their universalities. The [[Black nationalism|Black Nationalist]] movement grew out of frustrations with the "non-violent" strategies of earlier Civil Rights Activists. With the April 1968 [[assassination of Martin Luther King Jr.]] and June 1968 [[assassination of Robert F. Kennedy]], many Black people were compelled to reject ideas of negotiation and instead embrace isolation. The feminist movement also splintered from a larger push for Civil Rights in the 1970s. The seventies were seen as the "woman's turn", though many feminists incorporated civil rights ideals into their movement. A feminist who had inherited the leadership position of the civil rights movement from her husband, [[Coretta Scott King]], as leader of the black movement, called for an end to all discrimination, helping and encouraging the [[Woman's Liberation]] movement, and other movements as well. At the [[National Women's Conference]] in 1977 a minority women's resolution, promoted by King and others, passed to ensure racial equality in the movement's goals. Similarly, the gay movement made a huge step forward in the 1970s with the election of political figures such as [[Harvey Milk]] to public office and the advocating of anti-gay discrimination legislation passed and not passed during the decade. Many celebrities, including [[Freddie Mercury]] and [[Andy Warhol]], also "[[Coming out|came out]]" during this decade, bringing gay culture further into the limelight.

====Youth suffrage====
{{Main|Youth suffrage}}
The [[Twenty-sixth Amendment to the United States Constitution]] was ratified on July 1, 1971, lowering the voting age for all federal and state elections from 21 years to 18 years. The primary impetus for this change was the fact that young men were being drafted to fight in the [[Vietnam War]] before they were old enough to vote.<ref>{{cite journal |last1=Brown |first1=Clyde |last2=Pluta Brown |first2=Gayle K. |title=Iowa University Towns and the Twenty-sixth Amendment: The First Test of the Newly Enfranchised Student Vote in 1971 |journal=The Annals of Iowa |date=Fall 2009 |volume=68 |issue=4 |page=398 |doi=10.17077/0003-4827.1380 |url=https://pubs.lib.uiowa.edu/annals-of-iowa/article/id/6038/download/pdf/ |access-date=20 July 2022|doi-access=free }}</ref>