Editing Zoetrope (section)

==Successors==
Émile Reynaud's 1877 [[praxinoscope]] was an improvement on the zoetrope that became popular toward the end of the 19th century.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Dulac |first=Nicolas |author2=André Gaudreault  |year=2004 |url=http://www.rochester.edu/in_visible_culture/Issue_8/dulac_gaudreault.html |title=Heads or Tails: The Emergence of a New Cultural Series, from the Phenakisticope to the Cinematograph |work=Invisible Culture: A Journal for Visual Culture |publisher=The University of Rochester |access-date=May 13, 2006}}</ref> It replaced the zoetrope's narrow viewing slits with an inner circle of mirrors that intermittently reflected the images.<ref>{{cite book |last=Chandramouli |first=Magesh |title=3D Modeling & Animation: A Primer |publisher=CRC Press |year=2021 |isbn=9781498764926 |page=181}}</ref>

Soon after the zoetrope became popular, the [[flip book]] was introduced in 1868. With its simplicity and compactness, along with its more tactile qualities, the flip book has stayed relatively popular. A disadvantage of the flip book can be seen in the fact that the animation stops rather quickly, while the zoetrope can display animation as a continuous loop.{{Citation needed |date=July 2023}}

[[Eadward Muybridge]] published his first [[chronophotography]] pictures in 1878. These sequential pictures were soon mounted in zoetropes by several people (including Muybridge himself) and were also published as strips for the zoetrope in the 1880s.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.stephenherbert.co.uk/muybZOETROPES.htm|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110224200701/http://www.stephenherbert.co.uk/muybZOETROPES.htm|url-status=usurped|archive-date=February 24, 2011|title=COMPLEAT EADWEARD MUYBRIDGE - ZOETROPES|website=www.stephenherbert.co.uk}}</ref> This paved the way for the development of [[cinematography]]. Muybridge's own [[Zoopraxiscope]] (1879) was an early moving image projector and one of several inventions made before the breakthrough of cinema in 1895.{{Citation needed |date=July 2023}}

In 1895 [[Auguste and Louis Lumière]] were developing the [[Kinora]] simultaneously with the [[cinematograph]]. While cinema proved to be an enormous success, the Kinora became a popular motion picture viewer for home use.{{Citation needed |date=July 2023}}

Film, television and video are seen as the prevailing successors of the zoetrope, when regarded as technological steps in the development of motion pictures.<ref>{{cite book |last=Adams |first=Mike |title=Lee de Forest: King of Radio, Television, and Film |publisher=Springer |year=2012 |isbn=978-1-4614-0417-0 |pages=13–20}}</ref> In digital media, [[GIF]] animation can arguably be seen as the closest contemporary successor of Zoetrope animation, since both usually show looped image sequences.<ref>{{cite book |last=Strauven |first=Wanda |chapter=Let's Dance: GIF 1.0 versus GIF 2.0 |editor1-last=Jancovic |editor1-first=Marek |editor2-last=Volmar |editor2-first=Axel |editor3-last=Schneider |editor3-first=Alexandra |title=Format Matters: Standards, Practices, and Politics in Media Cultures |publisher=Meson Press |year=2020 |isbn=978-3-95796-155-6 |page=60}}</ref>

In 2016, an inside-out variation of the zoetrope was invented and patented with the name Silhouette Zoetrope.<ref>{{Cite web|title=Silhouette Zoetrope {{!}} Best Illusion of the Year Contest|date=June 30, 2016 |url=http://illusionoftheyear.com/2016/06/silhouette-zoetrope/|access-date=July 6, 2021|language=en-US}}</ref> The device was invented by the researcher Dr. Christine Veras, and it won third place in the [[Best Illusion of the Year Contest]], paying homage to the classical zoetrope but displaying a unique combination of optical illusions.<ref>{{Cite journal|last1=Veras|first1=Christine|last2=Pham|first2=Quang-Cuong|last3=Maus|first3=Gerrit W.|date=April 5, 2017|title=The Silhouette Zoetrope: A New Blend of Motion, Mirroring, Depth, and Size Illusions|journal=i-Perception|volume=8|issue=2|doi=10.1177/2041669517700912|issn=2041-6695|pmc=5407514|pmid=28473908}}</ref>

A digital successor to the zoetrope was invented in 2023 by Mike Ando. The [[Andotrope]] uses smartphones within a slotted cylinder to produce a 360º viewing angle for digital content.<ref>{{cite web |last1=Ando |first1=Mike |title=Gehn’s Holographic Imager Andotrope |url=https://www.riumplus.com/gehns-holographic-imager-andotrope/ |website=Realm of RIUM+ |access-date=16 January 2025}}</ref>