Editing Xenon (section)

=== Medical ===
{{Infobox drug
| container_only = yes
| image             = 
| width             = 
| alt               = 
| caption           = 

<!-- Clinical data -->
| pronounce         = 
| tradename         = 
| Drugs.com         = 
| MedlinePlus       = 
| DailyMedID        = Xenon
| pregnancy_AU      = <!-- A / B1 / B2 / B3 / C / D / X -->
| pregnancy_AU_comment = 
| pregnancy_category = 
| routes_of_administration = 
| class             = 
| ATC_prefix        = V04
| ATC_suffix        = CX12
| ATC_supplemental  = 

<!-- Legal status -->
| legal_AU          = <!-- S2, S3, S4, S5, S6, S7, S8, S9 or Unscheduled -->
| legal_AU_comment  = 
| legal_BR          = <!-- OTC, A1, A2, A3, B1, B2, C1, C2, C3, C4, C5, D1, D2, E, F -->
| legal_BR_comment  = 
| legal_CA          = <!-- OTC, Rx-only, Schedule I, II, III, IV, V, VI, VII, VIII -->
| legal_CA_comment  = 
| legal_DE          = <!-- Anlage I, II, III or Unscheduled -->
| legal_DE_comment  = 
| legal_NZ          = <!-- Class A, B, C -->
| legal_NZ_comment  = 
| legal_UK          = <!-- GSL, P, POM, CD, CD Lic, CD POM, CD No Reg POM, CD (Benz) POM, CD (Anab) POM or CD Inv POM / Class A, B, C -->
| legal_UK_comment  = 
| legal_US          = Rx-only
| legal_US_comment  = <ref>{{cite web | title=Xenon, Xe-133- xenon gas | website=DailyMed | date=October 16, 2024 | url=https://dailymed.nlm.nih.gov/dailymed/drugInfo.cfm?setid=5eb971be-8808-4aeb-9898-0d22d5dffe04 | access-date=December 24, 2024}}</ref><ref>{{cite web | title=Xenon- xenon xe-133 gas | website=DailyMed | date=November 28, 2022 | url=https://dailymed.nlm.nih.gov/dailymed/drugInfo.cfm?setid=35bdc182-2a41-41d2-8fe7-aa0c140d4425 | access-date=December 24, 2024}}</ref><ref>{{cite web | title=Xenoview- xenon xe 129 hyperpolarized gas | website=DailyMed | date=December 30, 2022 | url=https://dailymed.nlm.nih.gov/dailymed/drugInfo.cfm?setid=70e33fe3-c722-439b-b3db-c2a22f229c8a | access-date=December 24, 2024}}</ref>
| legal_EU          = 
| legal_EU_comment  = 
| legal_UN          = <!-- N I, II, III, IV / P I, II, III, IV -->
| legal_UN_comment  = 
| legal_status      = <!-- For countries not listed above -->

<!-- Pharmacokinetic data -->
| bioavailability   = 
| protein_bound     = 
| metabolism        = 
| metabolites       = 
| onset             = 
| elimination_half-life = 
| duration_of_action = 
| excretion         = 

<!-- Identifiers -->
| CAS_number        = 7440-63-3
| CAS_supplemental  = 
| PubChem           = 23991
| IUPHAR_ligand     = 
| DrugBank          = DB13453
| ChemSpiderID      = 
| KEGG              = 
| ChEBI = 49956
| ChEMBL = 1236802
| NIAID_ChemDB      = 
| PDB_ligand        = 
| synonyms          = 
| UNII = 3H3U766W84

<!-- Chemical and physical data -->
| IUPAC_name        = 
| chemical_formula_ref = 
| chemical_formula  = 
| StdInChI=1S/Xe
| StdInChIKey = FHNFHKCVQCLJFQ-UHFFFAOYSA-N
| SMILES = [Xe]
}}

==== Anesthesia ====
Xenon has been used as a [[general anesthetic]], but it is more expensive than conventional anesthetics.<ref>{{cite journal
| last1      = Neice
| first1     = A. E.
| last2      = Zornow
| first2     = M. H.
| title      = Xenon anaesthesia for all, or only a select few?
| journal    = Anaesthesia
| year       = 2016
| volume     = 71
| issue      = 11
| pages      = 1259–72
| doi        = 10.1111/anae.13569
| pmid       = 27530275
| doi-access = free
}}</ref>

Xenon interacts with many different receptors and ion channels, and like many theoretically multi-modal inhalation anesthetics, these interactions are likely complementary. Xenon is a high-affinity glycine-site [[NMDA receptor antagonist]].<ref name="nmda">{{cite journal
| title      = Competitive inhibition at the glycine site of the N-methyl-D-aspartate receptor mediates xenon neuroprotection against hypoxia-ischemia
| journal    = Anesthesiology
| pmid       = 20124979
| year       = 2010
| last1      = Banks
| first1     = P.
| last2      = Franks
| first2     = N. P.
| last3      = Dickinson
| first3     = R.
| volume     = 112
| issue      = 3
| pages      = 614–22
| doi        = 10.1097/ALN.0b013e3181cea398
| doi-access = free
}}</ref> However, xenon is different from certain other NMDA receptor antagonists in that it is not [[neurotoxicity|neurotoxic]] and it inhibits the neurotoxicity of [[ketamine]] and [[nitrous oxide]] (N<sub>2</sub>O), while actually producing [[neuroprotection|neuroprotective effects]].<ref>{{cite journal
| title      = Neuroprotective and neurotoxic properties of the 'inert' gas, xenon
| journal    = British Journal of Anaesthesia
| pmid       = 12393773
| year       = 2002
| last1      = Ma
| first1     = D.
| last2      = Wilhelm
| first2     = S.
| last3      = Maze
| first3     = M.
| last4      = Franks
| first4     = N. P.
| volume     = 89
| issue      = 5
| pages      = 739–46
| doi        = 10.1093/bja/89.5.739
| doi-access = free
}}</ref><ref>{{cite journal
| title      = Xenon inhibits but N<sub>2</sub>O enhances ketamine-induced c-Fos expression in the rat posterior cingulate and retrosplenial cortices
| journal    = Anesthesia & Analgesia
| pmid       = 11159233
| year       = 2001
| last1      = Nagata
| first1     = A.
| last2      = Nakao Si
| first2     = S.
| last3      = Nishizawa
| first3     = N.
| last4      = Masuzawa
| first4     = M.
| last5      = Inada
| first5     = T.
| last6      = Murao
| first6     = K.
| last7      = Miyamoto
| first7     = E.
| last8      = Shingu
| first8     = K.
| s2cid      = 15167421
| volume     = 92
| issue      = 2
| pages      = 362–368
| doi        = 10.1213/00000539-200102000-00016
| doi-access = free
}}</ref> Unlike ketamine and nitrous oxide, xenon does not stimulate a dopamine efflux in the [[nucleus accumbens]].<ref>{{cite journal
| title   = The differential effects of nitrous oxide and xenon on extracellular dopamine levels in the rat nucleus accumbens: a microdialysis study
| journal = [[Anesthesia & Analgesia]]
| pmid    = 17122223
| year    = 2006
| last1   = Sakamoto
| first1  = S.
| last2   = Nakao
| first2  = S.
| last3   = Masuzawa
| first3  = M.
| last4   = Inada
| first4  = T.
| last5   = Maze
| first5  = M.
| last6   = Franks
| first6  = N. P.
| last7   = Shingu
| first7  = K.
| s2cid   = 1882085
| volume  = 103
| issue   = 6
| pages   = 1459–63
| doi     = 10.1213/01.ane.0000247792.03959.f1
}}</ref>

Like nitrous oxide and [[cyclopropane]], xenon activates the two-pore domain potassium channel [[KCNK2|TREK-1]]. A related channel [[KCNK9|TASK-3]] also implicated in the actions of inhalation anesthetics is insensitive to xenon.<ref>{{cite journal
| title   = Two-pore-domain K<sup>+</sup> channels are a novel target for the anesthetic gases xenon, nitrous oxide, and cyclopropane
| journal = Molecular Pharmacology
| pmid    = 14742687
| year    = 2004
| last1   = Gruss
| first1  = M.
| last2   = Bushell
| first2  = T. J.
| last3   = Bright
| first3  = D. P.
| last4   = Lieb
| first4  = W. R.
| last5   = Mathie
| first5  = A.
| last6   = Franks
| first6  = N. P.
| s2cid   = 7762447
| volume  = 65
| issue   = 2
| pages   = 443–52
| doi     = 10.1124/mol.65.2.443
}}</ref> Xenon inhibits nicotinic acetylcholine [[Alpha-4 beta-2 nicotinic receptor|α4β2]] receptors which contribute to spinally mediated analgesia.<ref>{{cite journal
| title      = Effects of gaseous anesthetics nitrous oxide and xenon on ligand-gated ion channels. Comparison with isoflurane and ethanol
| journal    = Anesthesiology
| pmid       = 11020766
| year       = 2000
| last1      = Yamakura
| first1     = T.
| last2      = Harris
| first2     = R. A.
| s2cid      = 4684919
| volume     = 93
| issue      = 4
| pages      = 1095–101
| doi        = 10.1097/00000542-200010000-00034
| doi-access = free
}}</ref><ref>{{cite journal
| title   = Tonic inhibitory role of α4β2 subtype of nicotinic acetylcholine receptors on nociceptive transmission in the spinal cord in mice
| journal = Pain
| pmid    = 16781069
| year    = 2006
| last1   = Rashid
| first1  = M. H.
| last2   = Furue
| first2  = H.
| last3   = Yoshimura
| first3  = M.
| last4   = Ueda
| first4  = H.
| s2cid   = 53151557
| volume  = 125
| issue   = 1–2
| pages   = 125–35
| doi     = 10.1016/j.pain.2006.05.011
}}</ref> Xenon is an effective inhibitor of [[Plasma membrane Ca2+ ATPase|plasma membrane Ca<sup>2+</sup> ATPase]]. Xenon inhibits Ca<sup>2+</sup> ATPase by binding to a hydrophobic pore within the enzyme and preventing the enzyme from assuming active conformations.<ref>{{cite journal
| first1     = Maria M.
| last1      = Lopez
| last2      = Kosk-Kosicka
| first2     = Danuta
| title      = How Do Volatile Anesthetics Inhibit Ca<sup>2+</sup>-ATPases?
| journal    = [[The Journal of Biological Chemistry]]
| year       = 1995
| doi        = 10.1074/jbc.270.47.28239
| pmid       = 7499320
| volume     = 270
| issue      = 47
| pages      = 28239–245
| doi-access = free
}}</ref>

Xenon is a competitive inhibitor of the [[serotonin]] [[5-HT3 receptor|5-HT<sub>3</sub> receptor]]. While neither anesthetic nor antinociceptive, this reduces anesthesia-emergent nausea and vomiting.<ref>{{cite journal
| title      = The diverse actions of volatile and gaseous anesthetics on human-cloned 5-hydroxytryptamine<sup>3</sup> receptors expressed in ''Xenopus'' oocytes
| journal    = Anesthesiology
| pmid       = 11873047
| year       = 2002
| last1      = Suzuki
| first1     = T.
| last2      = Koyama
| first2     = H.
| last3      = Sugimoto
| first3     = M.
| last4      = Uchida
| first4     = I.
| last5      = Mashimo
| first5     = T.
| s2cid      = 6705116
| volume     = 96
| issue      = 3
| pages      = 699–704
| doi        = 10.1097/00000542-200203000-00028
| doi-access = free
}}</ref>

Xenon has a [[minimum alveolar concentration]] (MAC) of 72% at age 40, making it 44% more potent than N<sub>2</sub>O as an anesthetic.<ref>{{cite journal
| last1      = Nickalls
| first1     = R.W.D.
| last2      = Mapleson
| first2     = W.W.
| title      = Age-related iso-MAC charts for isoflurane, sevoflurane and desflurane in man
| journal    = British Journal of Anaesthesia
| date       = August 2003
| volume     = 91
| issue      = 2
| pages      = 170–74
| doi        = 10.1093/bja/aeg132
| pmid       = 12878613
| doi-access = free
}}</ref> Thus, it can be used with oxygen in concentrations that have a lower risk of [[Hypoxia (medical)|hypoxia]]. Unlike nitrous oxide, xenon is not a [[greenhouse gas]] and is viewed as [[environmentally friendly]].<ref name="Goto2003">{{Cite journal
| last       = Goto
| first      = T.
| author2    = Nakata Y
| author3    = Morita S
| s2cid      = 19119058
| title      = Will xenon be a stranger or a friend?: the cost, benefit, and future of xenon anesthesia
| journal    = Anesthesiology
| volume     = 98
| issue      = 1
| pages      = 1–2
| year       = 2003
| pmid       = 12502969
| doi        = 10.1097/00000542-200301000-00002
| doi-access = free
}}</ref> Though recycled in modern systems, xenon vented to the atmosphere is only returning to its original source, without environmental impact.

==== Neuroprotectant ====
Xenon induces robust [[cardioprotection]] and [[neuroprotection]] through a variety of mechanisms. Through its influence on Ca<sup>2+</sup>, K<sup>+</sup>, [[ATP-sensitive potassium channel|KATP]]\HIF, and NMDA antagonism, xenon is neuroprotective when administered before, during and after [[Ischemia|ischemic]] insults.<ref>{{cite journal
| title      = Xenon Attenuates Cerebral Damage after Ischemia in Pigs
| date       = May 2005
| volume     = 102
| issue      = 5
| pages      = 929–36
| doi        = 10.1097/00000542-200505000-00011
| pmid       = 15851879
| journal    = Anesthesiology
| last1      = Schmidt
| first1     = Michael
| last2      = Marx
| first2     = Thomas
| last3      = Glöggl
| first3     = Egon
| last4      = Reinelt
| first4     = Helmut
| last5      = Schirmer
| first5     = Uwe
| s2cid      = 25266308
| doi-access = free
}}</ref><ref>{{cite journal
| title      = Xenon Provides Short-Term Neuroprotection in Neonatal Rats When Administered After Hypoxia-Ischemia
| journal    = Stroke
| pmid       = 16373643
| doi        = 10.1161/01.STR.0000198867.31134.ac
| year       = 2006
| last1      = Dingley
| first1     = J.
| last2      = Tooley
| first2     = J.
| last3      = Porter
| first3     = H.
| last4      = Thoresen
| first4     = M.
| volume     = 37
| issue      = 2
| pages      = 501–6
| url        = http://www.reanimatology.com/rmt/article/view/1340
| doi-access = free
}}</ref> Xenon is a high affinity antagonist at the NMDA receptor glycine site.<ref name="nmda" /> Xenon is cardioprotective in ischemia-reperfusion conditions by inducing [[Pharmacology|pharmacologic]] non-ischemic preconditioning. Xenon is cardioprotective by activating PKC-epsilon and downstream p38-MAPK.<ref>{{cite journal
| title   = The noble gas xenon induces pharmacological preconditioning in the rat heart in vivo via induction of PKC-epsilon and p38 MAPK
| journal = Br J Pharmacol
| pmid    = 15644876
| year    = 2005
| last1   = Weber
| first1  = N. C.
| last2   = Toma
| first2  = O.
| last3   = Wolter
| first3  = J. I.
| last4   = Obal
| first4  = D.
| last5   = Müllenheim
| first5  = J.
| last6   = Preckel
| first6  = B.
| last7   = Schlack
| first7  = W.
| volume  = 144
| issue   = 1
| pages   = 123–32
| doi     = 10.1038/sj.bjp.0706063
| pmc     = 1575984
}}</ref> Xenon mimics neuronal ischemic preconditioning by activating ATP sensitive potassium channels.<ref>{{cite journal
| title   = Neuronal preconditioning by inhalational anesthetics: evidence for the role of plasmalemmal adenosine triphosphate-sensitive potassium channels
| journal = Anesthesiology
| pmid    = 19352153
| year    = 2009
| last1   = Bantel
| first1  = C.
| last2   = Maze
| first2  = M.
| last3   = Trapp
| first3  = S.
| volume  = 110
| issue   = 5
| pages   = 986–95
| doi     = 10.1097/ALN.0b013e31819dadc7
| pmc     = 2930813
}}</ref> Xenon allosterically reduces ATP mediated channel activation inhibition independently of the sulfonylurea receptor1 subunit, increasing KATP open-channel time and frequency.<ref>{{cite journal
| title   = Noble gas xenon is a novel adenosine triphosphate-sensitive potassium channel opener
| journal = Anesthesiology
| pmid    = 20179498
| year    = 2010
| last1   = Bantel
| first1  = C.
| last2   = Maze
| first2  = M.
| last3   = Trapp
| first3  = S.
| volume  = 112
| issue   = 3
| pages   = 623–30
| doi     = 10.1097/ALN.0b013e3181cf894a
| pmc     = 2935677
}}</ref>

==== Sports doping and mountaineering ====
Inhaling a xenon/oxygen mixture activates production of the [[transcription factor]] [[HIF1A|HIF-1-alpha]], which may lead to increased production of [[erythropoietin]]. The latter hormone is known to increase [[red blood cell]] production and athletic performance. Reportedly, doping with xenon inhalation has been used in Russia since 2004 and perhaps earlier.<ref>{{cite news
| title     = Breathe it in
| url       = https://www.economist.com/news/science-and-technology/21595890-obscure-gas-improves-athletes-performance-breathe-it
| newspaper = [[The Economist]]
| date      = February 8, 2014
}}</ref> On August 31, 2014, the [[World Anti Doping Agency]] (WADA) added xenon (and [[argon]]) to the list of prohibited substances and methods, although no reliable doping tests for these gases have yet been developed.<ref>{{cite news
| title        = WADA amends Section S.2.1 of 2014 Prohibited List
| url          = https://www.wada-ama.org/en/media/2014-05/wada-amends-section-s21-of-2014-prohibited-list
| date         = August 31, 2014
| access-date  = September 1, 2014
| archive-date = April 27, 2021
| archive-url  = https://web.archive.org/web/20210427160909/https://www.wada-ama.org/en/media/2014-05/wada-amends-section-s21-of-2014-prohibited-list#.VARJ3WNqOIl
| url-status   = dead
}}</ref> In addition, effects of xenon on erythropoietin production in humans have not been demonstrated, so far.<ref>{{cite journal
| last       = Jelkmann
| first      = W.
| s2cid      = 55832101
| title      = Xenon Misuse in Sports
| journal    = Deutsche Zeitschrift für Sportmedizin
| publisher  = Deutsche Zeitschrift für Sportmedizin/German Journal of Sports Medicine
| volume     = 2014
| issue      = 10
| year       = 2014
| pages      = 267–71
| doi        = 10.5960/dzsm.2014.143
| doi-access = free
}}</ref>

In 2025, a [[Mount Everest]] expedition team planned to inhale xenon gas 10 days before their expedition to allow for an ascent of the mountain within a week's time due to supposed erythropoietin production. The [[International Climbing and Mountaineering Federation]] (UIAA) criticised the decision, citing that there is no evidence that the inhalation of xenon improves performance in high elevation environments. Furthermore, the UIAA warned that as an anesthetic, xenon gas could result in impaired brain function, respiratory compromise, and death if used in an unmonitored setting.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Woodyatt |first=Amy |date=2025-05-13 |title=They want to climb Everest in a week using an anesthetic gas. Critics warn it’s dangerous |url=https://www.cnn.com/2025/05/13/travel/climb-everest-one-week-xenon-intl |access-date=2025-05-15 |website=CNN |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |date=2025-04-29 |title=Can Mount Everest really be climbed in a week? |url=https://www.bbc.com/future/article/20250428-can-mount-everest-really-be-climbed-in-a-week |access-date=2025-05-15 |website=www.bbc.com |language=en-GB}}</ref>

==== Imaging ====
{{main|Xenon gas MRI}}
[[gamma ray|Gamma]] emission from the [[radioisotope]] <sup>133</sup>Xe of xenon can be used to image the heart, lungs, and brain, for example, by means of [[single photon emission computed tomography]]. <sup>133</sup>Xe has also been used to measure [[blood flow]].<ref>{{cite book
| first     = Ernst
| last      = Van Der Wall
| date      = 1992
| title     = What's New in Cardiac Imaging?: SPECT, PET, and MRI
| publisher = Springer
| isbn      = 0-7923-1615-0
| url       = https://books.google.com/books?id=PypZMUhqnK8C&pg=PA41
}}</ref><ref>{{cite journal
| last        = Frank
| first       = John
| title       = Introduction to imaging: The chest
| journal     = Student BMJ
| year        = 1999
| volume      = 12
| pages       = 1–44
| url         = http://student.bmj.com/issues/04/01/education/8.php
| access-date = June 4, 2008
}}</ref><ref>{{cite web
| last         = Chandak
| first        = Puneet K.
| date         = July 20, 1995
| url          = http://brighamrad.harvard.edu/education/online/BrainSPECT/Theory/Xenon133.html
| title        = Brain SPECT: Xenon-133
| publisher    = Brigham RAD
| access-date  = June 4, 2008
| url-status   = dead
| archive-url  = https://web.archive.org/web/20120104015834/http://brighamrad.harvard.edu/education/online/BrainSPECT/Theory/Xenon133.html
| archive-date = January 4, 2012
}}</ref>

Xenon, particularly hyperpolarized <sup>129</sup>Xe, is a useful [[contrast agent]] for [[MRI|magnetic resonance imaging]] (MRI). In the gas phase, it can image cavities in a porous sample, alveoli in lungs, or the flow of gases within the lungs.<ref>{{cite journal
| last    = Albert
| first   = M. S.
| author2 = Balamore, D.
| title   = Development of hyperpolarized noble gas MRI
| journal = Nuclear Instruments and Methods in Physics Research A
| year    = 1998
| volume  = 402
| issue   = 2–3
| pages   = 441–53
| doi     = 10.1016/S0168-9002(97)00888-7
| pmid    = 11543065
| bibcode = 1998NIMPA.402..441A
}}</ref><ref>{{cite magazine
| last         = Irion
| first        = Robert
| date         = March 23, 1999
| title        = Head Full of Xenon?
| magazine     = Science News
| url          = http://sciencenow.sciencemag.org/cgi/content/full/1999/323/3
| access-date  = October 8, 2007
| archive-url  = https://web.archive.org/web/20040117194538/http://sciencenow.sciencemag.org/cgi/content/full/1999/323/3
| archive-date = January 17, 2004
}}</ref> Because xenon is [[soluble]] both in water and in hydrophobic solvents, it can image various soft living tissues.<ref>{{cite journal
| title   = Intravascular delivery of hyperpolarized 129Xenon for in vivo MRI
| journal = Applied Magnetic Resonance
| volume  = 15
| issue   = 3–4
| date    = 1998
| doi     = 10.1007/BF03162020
| pages   = 343–52
| author  = Wolber, J.
| last2   = Rowland
| first2  = I. J.
| last3   = Leach
| first3  = M. O.
| last4   = Bifone
| first4  = A.
| s2cid   = 100913538
}}</ref><ref>{{cite journal
| pmid    = 19703880
| date    = 2009
| author1 = Driehuys, B.
| author2 = Möller, H.E.
| author3 = Cleveland, Z.I.
| author4 = Pollaro, J.
| author5 = Hedlund, L.W.
| title   = Pulmonary perfusion and xenon gas exchange in rats: MR imaging with intravenous injection of hyperpolarized 129Xe
| volume  = 252
| pages   = 386–93
| doi     = 10.1148/radiol.2522081550
| pmc     = 2753782
| journal = Radiology
| issue   = 2
}}</ref><ref>{{cite journal
| pmid    = 19702286
| date    = 2009
| author  = Cleveland, Z.I.
| author2 = Möller, H.E.
| author3 = Hedlund, L.W.
| author4 = Driehuys, B.
| title   = Continuously infusing hyperpolarized 129Xe into flowing aqueous solutions using hydrophobic gas exchange membranes
| volume  = 113
| issue   = 37
| pages   = 12489–99
| doi     = 10.1021/jp9049582
| pmc     = 2747043
| journal = The Journal of Physical Chemistry
}}</ref>

Xenon-129 is used as a visualization agent in MRI scans. When a patient inhales hyperpolarized xenon-129 ventilation and gas exchange in the lungs can be imaged and quantified. Unlike xenon-133, xenon-129 is non-ionizing and is safe to be inhaled with no adverse effects.<ref>{{Cite journal
| date     = February 1, 2021
| title    = In vivo methods and applications of xenon-129 magnetic resonance
| journal  = Progress in Nuclear Magnetic Resonance Spectroscopy
| language = en
| volume   = 122
| pages    = 42–62
| doi      = 10.1016/j.pnmrs.2020.11.002
| issn     = 0079-6565
| pmc      = 7933823
| last1    = Marshall
| first1   = Helen
| last2    = Stewart
| first2   = Neil J.
| last3    = Chan
| first3   = Ho-Fung
| last4    = Rao
| first4   = Madhwesha
| last5    = Norquay
| first5   = Graham
| last6    = Wild
| first6   = Jim M.
| pmid     = 33632417
| bibcode  = 2021PNMRS.122...42M
}}</ref>

==== Surgery ====
The xenon chloride [[excimer laser]] has certain dermatological uses.<ref>{{cite journal
| last    = Baltás
| first   = E.
| year    = 2006
| title   = Treatment of atopic dermatitis with the xenon chloride excimer laser
| journal = Journal of the European Academy of Dermatology and Venereology
| volume  = 20
| issue   = 6
| pages   = 657–60
| doi     = 10.1111/j.1468-3083.2006.01495.x
| pmid    = 16836491
| author2 = Csoma, Z.
| author3 = Bodai, L.
| author4 = Ignácz, F.
| author5 = Dobozy, A.
| author6 = Kemény, L.
| s2cid   = 20156819
}}</ref>