Editing Western Sahara (section)

=== Cross-cultural influence ===
The contemporary history of the territory has experienced long-term international presence and occupation that has deeply influenced the cultural practices of the people, such as languages spoken throughout the territory and its institutions.<ref name="San Martin 2005 565–592">{{Cite journal |last=San Martin|first=Pablo|year=2005|title=Nationalism, identity and citizenship in the Western Sahara|journal=The Journal of North African Studies|publisher= Taylor & Francis|volume=10 |issue=3–4 |pages=565–592 |doi=10.1080/13629380500336870|s2cid=144988314}}</ref> Spanish colonization lasted roughly from 1884 to 1976, following the creation of the Madrid Accords where Spain absolved all responsibility over the territory and left it to Morocco and Mauritania.<ref>{{Cite book|last1=Zunes|first1=Stephen|last2= Mundy| first2= Jacob|title=Western Sahara: War, Nationalism, and Conflict Irresolution|publisher= Syracuse UP|year=2010}}</ref>

Throughout the nine decades of Spanish colonial presence, one of the primary spoken languages in Western Sahara came to be Spanish. The reasons for its widespread usage was due to the necessity of communicating with Spanish leadership and administrators throughout the territory, who ultimately established institutions modeled after those of Spain.<ref name="San Martin 2005 565–592" /> The importance and prevalence of Spanish has persisted to the present day, even after Spanish withdrawal from Western Sahara in 1976, due to various education exchanges and host programs for Sahrawi children to Spain and Cuba.<ref>{{Cite journal |last= Fiddian-Qasmiyeh|first= Elena|date= 14 July 2009|title= Representing Sahrawi Refugees' 'Educational Displacement' to Cuba: Self-Sufficient Agents of Manipulated Victims of Conflict?|journal= Journal of Refugee Studies|publisher= Oxford Journals|volume= 22|issue= 3|pages= 323–350|doi=10.1093/jrs/fep019}}</ref>

One such exchange program to Spain is Vacaciones en Paz (Vacations in Peace), which is an annual holiday program that was created in 1988 and is organized by the Union of Sahrawi Youth (UJSARIO) in collaboration with 300 other associations throughout Spain.<ref name="Fiddian">{{Cite journal|last1= Fiddian|first1= Elena|last2= Chatty|first2= Dawn|author-link2= Dawn Chatty|last3= Crivello|first3= Gina|date= December 2005|title= Sahrawi Refugee Children in a Spanish Host Program|url= http://www.forcedmigration.org/research-resources/expert-guides/sahrawi-refugee-children-in-a-spanish-host-program/alldocuments|journal= Forced Migration Online|publisher= University of Oxford, Department of International Development|access-date= 16 March 2014|archive-url= https://web.archive.org/web/20140318022402/http://www.forcedmigration.org/research-resources/expert-guides/sahrawi-refugee-children-in-a-spanish-host-program/alldocuments|archive-date= 18 March 2014|url-status= dead}}</ref> The program itself allows 7,000 to 10,000 Sahrawi children between the ages of 8 and 12 the opportunity to live in Spain for the summer outside of the refugee camps. Sometimes children return to the same Spanish household year after year while they are still eligible, and forge strong relationships with their host families.<ref name="Fiddian" /> These types of exchange programs that successfully create cross-border and cross-cultural relationships reinforce the usage of the Spanish language throughout subsequent generations of Sahrawi children.