Editing Watch (section)

==Functions==
[[File:Royal Oak Offshore watch by Audemars Piguet.JPG|thumb|upright|left|A [[chronograph]] wristwatch by [[Audemars Piguet]]]]
[[File:Breguet MG 2573.jpg|thumb|upright|left|[[Breguet (watch)|Breguet]] squelette watch 2933 with [[tourbillon]]]]
[[File:Patek-Philippe MG 2583.jpg|thumb|upright|left|[[Perpetual calendar]] wristwatch by [[Patek Philippe]]]]
Customarily, watches provide the [[time of day]], giving at least the hour and minute, and often the second. Many also provide the current date, and some (called "complete calendar" or "triple date" watches) display the day of the week and the month as well. However, many watches also provide a great deal of information beyond the basics of time and date. Some watches include [[alarm]]s. Other elaborate and more expensive watches, both pocket and wrist models, also incorporate [[Striking clock|striking mechanisms]] or [[Repeater (horology)|repeater]] functions, so that the wearer could learn the time by the sound emanating from the watch. This announcement or striking feature is an essential characteristic of true clocks and distinguishes such watches from ordinary [[Clock|timepieces]]. This feature is available on most digital watches.

A ''complicated watch'' has one or more functions beyond the basic function of displaying the time and the date; such a functionality is called a [[Complication (horology)|complication]]. Two popular complications are the ''[[chronograph]]'' complication, which is the ability of the watch movement to function as a [[stopwatch]], and the ''moonphase'' complication, which is a display of the [[lunar phase]]. Other more expensive complications include [[Tourbillon]], [[Perpetual calendar]], [[Minute repeater]], and [[Equation of time]]. A truly complicated watch has many of these complications at once (see [[Calibre 89]] from [[Patek Philippe]] for instance). Some watches aimed at [[Muslim|Muslims]] can both indicate the [[Qibla compass|direction of Mecca]]<ref>{{cite web |title=Muslim watches |url=http://www.watchismo.com/search.aspx?find=muslim |publisher=Watchismo |access-date=14 April 2012 |archive-date=28 September 2015 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150928004218/http://www.watchismo.com/search.aspx?find=muslim |url-status=dead }}</ref> and have alarms that can be set for all daily prayer requirements.<ref>{{cite web|title=Islamic Watch & Clock|url=http://www.alfajr.com/|publisher=ALFAJR|access-date=14 April 2012|archive-date=4 April 2012|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120404130128/http://www.alfajr.com/|url-status=live}}</ref> Among watch enthusiasts, complicated watches are especially collectible. Some watches include a second 12-hour or 24-hour display for [[UTC]] or [[GMT]].

The similar-sounding terms ''chronograph'' and ''chronometer'' are often confused, although they mean altogether different things. A chronograph is a watch with an added duration timer, often a [[stopwatch]] complication (as explained above), while a [[chronometer watch]] is a timepiece that has met an industry-standard test for performance under pre-defined conditions: a chronometer is a high quality mechanical or a thermo-compensated movement that has been tested and certified to operate within a certain standard of accuracy by the [[COSC]] (Contrôle Officiel Suisse des Chronomètres). The concepts are different but not mutually exclusive; so a watch can be a chronograph, a chronometer, both, or neither.

[[File:Datalink USB Dress Edition.JPG|thumb|upright|[[Timex Datalink]] USB Dress edition from 2003 with a dot matrix display; the ''Invasion'' video game is on the screen.]]

Electronic sports watches, combining timekeeping with GPS and/or [[Activity tracker|activity tracking]], address the general [[Physical fitness|fitness]] market and have the potential for commercial success ([[Garmin Forerunner]], Garmin Vivofit, Epson,<ref name="Epson" /> announced model of [[Swatch]] Touch series<ref>Hug, Daniel : ''Swatch lanciert 2015 eine intelligente Uhr.'' In: ''NZZ am Sonntag'', 27 July 2014, page 26 (German)</ref>).

[[Braille watch]]es have analog displays with raised bumps around the face to allow blind users to tell the time. Their digital equivalents use [[synthesised speech]] to speak the time on command.

=== Fashion ===
[[File:Boule de Genève, ca. 1890.jpeg|thumb|right|A so-called "[[Boule de Genève]]" (Geneva ball), c. 1890, 21.5k yellow [[gold]]. A type of pendant watch intended to be used as an accessory for women. They usually came with a matching brooch or chain.]]
Wristwatches and antique pocket watches are often appreciated as [[jewelry]] or as [[collectible]] works of [[art]] rather than just as timepieces.<ref name=NYT012113>{{cite news|title=Buying Back a Forgotten Chinese Heritage|url=https://www.nytimes.com/2013/01/21/fashion/21iht-acaw-pocket21.html|access-date=22 January 2013|newspaper=The New York Times|date=21 January 2013|author=Nazanin Lankarani|quote=We try to explain why it makes sense to spend $500,000 on a watch.|archive-date=5 November 2020|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201105060659/https://www.nytimes.com/2013/01/21/fashion/21iht-acaw-pocket21.html|url-status=live}}</ref> This has created several different markets for wristwatches, ranging from very inexpensive but accurate watches (intended for no other purpose than telling the correct time) to extremely expensive watches that serve mainly as personal adornment or as examples of high achievement in miniaturization and precision mechanical engineering.

Traditionally, dress watches appropriate for [[informal attire|informal]] (business), [[semi-formal]], and [[formal wear|formal]] attire are [[gold]], thin, simple, and plain, but increasingly rugged, [[Complication (horology)|complicated]], or sports watches are considered by some to be acceptable for such attire. Some dress watches have a [[cabochon]] on the crown or [[facet]]ed [[gemstone]]s on the face, [[bezel setting|bezel]], or bracelet. Some are made entirely of faceted [[sapphire]] ([[corundum]]).

Many fashions and [[department store]]s offer a variety of less-expensive, trendy, "[[costume jewelry|costume]]" watches (usually for women), many of which are similar in quality to basic quartz timepieces but which feature bolder designs. In the 1980s, the Swiss [[Swatch]] company hired graphic designers to redesign a new annual collection of non-repairable watches.

Trade in [[counterfeit watch]]es, which mimic expensive brand-name watches, constitutes an estimated {{USD|1 billion}} market per year.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.havocscope.com/counterfeit-watches-market-value/|title=Havocscope Counterfeit Watches Market Value: $1 billion|access-date=23 March 2011|archive-date=6 May 2011|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110506003715/http://www.havocscope.com/counterfeit-watches-market-value/|url-status=live}}</ref>

=== Space ===
[[File:OMEGA-Speedmaster-Professional-Front.jpg|thumb|left|The [[Omega Speedmaster]], selected by [[NASA]] for use on space missions in the 1960s]]

The [[Weightlessness|zero-gravity]] environment and other extreme conditions encountered by [[astronaut]]s in [[Outer space|space]] require the use of specially tested watches.

The first-ever watch to be sent into space was a Russian "[[Pobeda (watch)|Pobeda]]" watch from the [[Petrodvorets Watch Factory]]. It was sent on a single orbit flight on the spaceship [[Korabl-Sputnik 4]] on 9 March 1961. The watch had been attached without authorisation to the wrist of Chernuchka, a dog that successfully did exactly the same trip as [[Yuri Gagarin]], with exactly the same rocket and equipment, just a month before Gagarin's flight.<ref>{{cite book |title=Animals in Space: From Research Rockets to the Space Shuttle |edition=illustrated |first1=Colin |last1=Burgess |first2=Chris |last2=Dubbs |publisher=Springer Science & Business Media |year=2007 |isbn=978-0-387-49678-8 |page=213 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=xSdHVIpsrKkC}} [https://books.google.com/books?id=xSdHVIpsrKkC&pg=PA213 Extract of page 213]</ref>

On 12 April 1961, Gagarin wore a Shturmanskie (a transliteration of {{lang|ru|Штурманские}} which actually means "navigator's") wristwatch during his historic first flight into space. The Shturmanskie was manufactured at the [[Poljot|First Moscow Factory]]. Since 1964, the watches of the First Moscow Factory have been marked by the trademark "{{lang|ru|Полёт}}", transliterated as "POLJOT", which means "flight" in [[Russian language|Russian]] and is a tribute to the many space trips its watches have accomplished. In the late 1970s, [[Poljot]] launched a new [[Chronometer watch|chrono]] movement, the 3133. With a 23 jewel movement and manual winding (43 hours), it was a modified Russian version of the [[Switzerland|Swiss]] [[Valjoux]] 7734 of the early 1970s. Poljot 3133 were taken into space by astronauts from Russia, France, Germany and [[Ukraine]]. On the arm of [[Valeriy Polyakov]], a Poljot 3133 chronograph movement-based watch set a space [[World record|record]] for the longest space flight in history.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.netgrafik.ch/russian_space_watches.htm |title=Russian Space Watches History |publisher=Netgrafik.ch |access-date=27 May 2012 |archive-date=12 December 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201212073856/http://www.netgrafik.ch/russian_space_watches.htm |url-status=live }}</ref>

[[File:Sts088-359-037.jpg|thumb|Astronaut [[Nancy J. Currie]] wears the [[Ironman Datalink|Timex Ironman Triathlon Datalink]] model 78401 during [[STS 88]].]]

Through the 1960s, a large range of watches was tested for durability and precision under extreme [[temperature]] changes and vibrations. The [[Omega Speedmaster Professional]] was selected by [[NASA]], the U.S. space agency, and it is mostly known thanks to astronaut [[Buzz Aldrin]] who wore it during the 1969 [[Apollo 11]] Moon landing. [[TAG Heuer|Heuer]] became the first Swiss watch in space thanks to a Heuer Stopwatch, worn by [[John Glenn]] in 1962 when he piloted the ''[[Friendship 7]]'' on the first crewed U.S. orbital mission. The [[Breitling Navitimer]] Cosmonaute was designed with a [[24-hour analog dial]] to avoid confusion between AM and PM, which are meaningless in space. It was first worn in space by U.S. astronaut [[Scott Carpenter]] on 24 May 1962 in the ''[[Aurora 7]]'' Mercury capsule.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.breitling.com/us-en/watches/navitimer/|title=Navitimer, the aviator favourite watch|work=[[Breitling SA|Breitling]]|access-date=17 January 2007|archive-date=4 April 2018|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180404200807/https://www.breitling.com/us-en/watches/navitimer/|url-status=live}}</ref>

Since 1994 [[Fortis Uhren AG|Fortis]] is the exclusive supplier for crewed space missions authorized by the [[Russian Federal Space Agency]]. [[China National Space Administration]] (CNSA) astronauts wear the [[Fiyta]]<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.fiyta.com.cn|title=Fiyta.com.cn|work=Fiyta|access-date=17 January 2007|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20070115191903/http://www.fiyta.com.cn/|archive-date=15 January 2007|url-status=dead}}</ref> spacewatches. At [[BaselWorld]], 2008, [[Seiko]] announced the creation of the first watch ever designed specifically for a space walk, Spring Drive Spacewalk. [[Timex Datalink]] is flight certified by NASA for space missions and is one of the watches qualified by NASA for space travel. The [[Casio]] [[G-Shock]] DW-5600C and 5600E, DW 6900, and DW 5900 are Flight-Qualified for NASA space travel.<ref name="NASA 5-8 Article">{{cite web |url=http://www.nasaexplores.com/show2_5_8a.php?id=02-024&gl=58 |archive-url=https://archive.today/20061114025319/http://www.nasaexplores.com/show2_5_8a.php?id=02-024&gl=58 |url-status=dead |archive-date=14 November 2006 |date=14 November 2006 |access-date=23 October 2011 |df=dmy-all | title=NASAexplores 5-8 Article: What Time is It? }}</ref><ref name="NASA 9-12">{{cite web |url=http://www.nasaexplores.com/search_nav_9_12.php?id=02-024&gl=912 |archive-url=https://archive.today/20080304191551/http://www.nasaexplores.com/search_nav_9_12.php?id=02-024&gl=912 |url-status=dead |archive-date=4 March 2008 |date=4 March 2008 |access-date=23 October 2011 |df=dmy-all | title=NASAexplores - Express Lessons and Online Resources }}</ref>

Various Timex Datalink models were used both by cosmonauts and astronauts.

=== Scuba diving ===
{{Main|Diving watch}}
[[File:Seiko 7002-7020 Diver's 200 m on a 4-ring NATO style strap.JPG|thumb|upright|Seiko 7002–7020 Diver's 200&nbsp;m on a 4-ring NATO style strap]]

Watch construction may be water-resistant. These watches are sometimes called [[diving watches]] when they are suitable for [[scuba diving]] or [[saturation diving]]. The [[International Organization for Standardization]] (ISO) issued a standard for water-resistant watches which also prohibits the term "[[waterproof]]" to be used with watches, which many countries have adopted. In the United States, advertising a watch as waterproof has been illegal since 1968, per [[Federal Trade Commission]] regulations regarding the "misrepresentation of protective features".<ref>{{Cite web|last=The Timex Blog|title=WHAT MAKES A WATCH WATER-RESISTANT?|url=https://www.timex.com/the-timex-blog/what-makes-a-watch-water-resistant.html|url-status=live|access-date=27 December 2021|website=Timex|archive-date=27 December 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211227183413/https://www.timex.com/the-timex-blog/what-makes-a-watch-water-resistant.html}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|last=Federal Trade Commission|date=16 June 1997|title=FTC's Guides for Advertising and Marketing Watches Up for Review|url=https://www.ftc.gov/news-events/press-releases/1997/06/ftcs-guides-advertising-and-marketing-watches-review|url-status=live|access-date=27 December 2021|website=FTC.gov|archive-date=27 December 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211227183419/https://www.ftc.gov/news-events/press-releases/1997/06/ftcs-guides-advertising-and-marketing-watches-review}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|last=Code of Federal Regulations|date=1 January 1997|title=16 CFR 245.5 - Misrepresentation of protective features|url=https://www.govinfo.gov/content/pkg/CFR-1997-title16-vol1/pdf/CFR-1997-title16-vol1-sec245-5.pdf|url-status=live|access-date=27 December 2001|website=govinfo.gov|archive-date=27 December 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211227183408/https://www.govinfo.gov/content/pkg/CFR-1997-title16-vol1/pdf/CFR-1997-title16-vol1-sec245-5.pdf}}</ref>

Water-resistance is achieved by the [[gasket]]s which forms a watertight seal, used in conjunction with a sealant applied on the case to help keep water out. The material of the case must also be tested in order to pass as water-resistant.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.europastar.com/europastar/watch_tech/waterresistance.jsp|title=Watch Industry Questions and Answers: Water-Resistance|work=Europa Star|publisher=VNU eMedia Inc|access-date=17 January 2007|archive-date=18 February 2007|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20070218121615/http://www.europastar.com/europastar/watch_tech/waterresistance.jsp|url-status=dead}}</ref>

None of the tests defined by [[ISO 2281]] for the Water Resistant mark are suitable to qualify a watch for scuba diving. Such watches are designed for everyday life and must be water-resistant during exercises such as swimming. They can be worn in different temperature and pressure conditions but are under no circumstances designed for scuba diving.<ref>{{Cite web |date=2020-07-29 |title=What you need to know about water resistance |url=https://www.thewatchpages.com/is-your-watch-really-water-resistant/ |access-date=2023-11-14 |website=The Watch Pages |language=en-US}}</ref>

The standards for diving watches are regulated by the [[ISO 6425]] international standard. The watches are tested in static or still water under 125% of the rated (water) pressure, thus a watch with a 200-metre rating will be water-resistant if it is stationary and under 250 metres of static water. The testing of the water-resistance is fundamentally different from non-dive watches, because every watch has to be fully tested. Besides water resistance standards to a minimum of 100-metre depth rating, ISO 6425 also provides eight minimum requirements for mechanical diver's watches for scuba diving (quartz and digital watches have slightly differing readability requirements). For diver's watches for mixed-gas saturation diving two additional ISO 6425 requirements have to be met.

Watches are classified by their degree of water resistance, which roughly translates to the following (1 metre = 3.281 feet):<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.jwnz.co.nz/page/watches.aspx|title=Watches|website=Jwnz.co.nz|access-date=28 October 2017|archive-date=15 July 2017|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170715033823/http://www.jwnz.co.nz/page/watches.aspx|url-status=live}}</ref>

{| class="wikitable"
|+ Main article [[ISO 6425#Water resistance classification|ISO 6425]]
|-
! nowrap="nowrap" |Water-resistance rating || Suitability || Remarks
|-
| Water Resistant or 30&nbsp;m || Suitable for everyday use. Splash/rain resistant. || <u>Not</u> suitable for diving, swimming, snorkeling, water-related work, or fishing.
|-
| Water Resistant 50&nbsp;m || Suitable for swimming, white-water rafting, non-snorkeling water related work, and fishing. || <u>Not</u> suitable for diving.
|-
| Water Resistant 100&nbsp;m || Suitable for recreational surfing, swimming, snorkeling, sailing, and water sports. || <u>Not</u> suitable for diving.
|-
| Water Resistant 200&nbsp;m || Suitable for professional marine activity and serious surface water sports. || Suitable for diving.
|-
| Diver's 100&nbsp;m || Minimum ISO standard for [[scuba diving]] at depths not requiring helium gas. || Diver's 100&nbsp;m and 150&nbsp;m watches are generally old(er) watches.
|-
| Diver's 200&nbsp;m or 300&nbsp;m || Suitable for scuba diving at depths not requiring helium gas. || Typical ratings for contemporary diver's watches.
|-
| Diver's 300<sup>+</sup>&nbsp;m helium&nbsp;safe|| Suitable for [[saturation diving]] (helium-enriched environment). || Watches designed for helium mixed-gas diving will have additional markings to indicate this.
|}

Some watches use [[Bar (unit)|bar]] instead of meters, which may then be multiplied by 10, and then subtract 10 to be approximately equal to the rating based on metres. Therefore, a 5 bar watch is equivalent to a 40-metre watch. Some watches are rated in [[Atmosphere (unit)|atmospheres]] (atm), which are roughly equivalent to bar.{{fact|date=August 2023}}

=== Dosimeter ===
[[File:POLIMASTER-PM1603B.jpg|thumb|upright|Polimaster PM1603B dosimeter watch]]

Watches with built-in geiger counters exist for contractors working in the nuclear industry and military personnel specializing in nuclear ordnance. The first known example was the Raketa Atom of 1954.<ref>https://geigercounter001.blog.fc2.com/blog-entry-1688.html</ref> A geiger counter watch was famously used in the 1965 James Bond movie ''[[Thunderball (film)|Thunderball]]'' where Sean Connery's character uses a modified [[Breitling Top Time]] to find stolen nuclear warheads. Polimaster, Huatec, MTM Special Ops manufacture dosimeter watches.

=== Navigation ===
{{Main|Direction-finding watch}}
There is a traditional method by which an [[analog watch]] can be used to locate north and south. The Sun appears to move in the sky over a 24-hour period while the hour hand of a 12-hour [[clock face]] takes twelve hours to complete one rotation. In the northern hemisphere, if the watch is rotated so that the hour hand points toward the Sun, the point halfway between the hour hand and 12 o'clock will indicate south. For this method to work in the southern hemisphere, the 12 is pointed toward the Sun and the point halfway between the hour hand and 12 o'clock will indicate north. During [[daylight saving time]], the same method can be employed using 1 o'clock instead of 12. This method is accurate enough to be used only at fairly high latitudes.