Editing Washington Heights, Manhattan (section)

===Religion===
[[File:Washington Heights Presbyterian Church.jpg|thumb|[[North Presbyterian Church (Manhattan)|North Presbyterian Church]], founded in 1847 and merged with two other congregations, has an [[English Gothic]] design in its present landmarked building, designed in 1904.<ref name=dunlap/>{{Rp|159}}]]
[[File:Hebrew Tabernacle of Wash Heights jeh.jpg|thumb|The [[Hebrew Tabernacle of Washington Heights]] is a [[Reform Judaism|Reform]] congregation whose former location on 161st Street became a [[Jehovah's Witnesses]] [[Kingdom Hall]], while the current landmarked building was previously the Fourth Church of Christ, Scientist until its closure in 1973.<ref name=dunlap/>{{Rp|97}}<ref>{{cite news|url=https://www.nytimes.com/1982/05/02/nyregion/hebrew-tabernacle-marking-75th-anniversary.html|work=[[The New York Times]]|access-date=July 27, 2021|title=Hebrew Tabernacle Marking 75th Anniversary|date=May 2, 1982}}</ref>]]
Washington Heights' religious institutions are primarily [[Jewish]], [[Protestantism|Protestant]], and [[Catholic Church|Catholic]].<ref name=dunlap>{{cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=DJJavoWxzrIC|title=From Abyssinian to Zion: A Guide to Manhattan's Houses of Worship|first=David W.|last=Dunlap|year=2004|publisher=[[Columbia University Press]]|isbn=9780231500722}}</ref> Some of Washington Heights and Inwood's earliest churches were the [[St. Elizabeth Church (Manhattan)|St. Elizabeth Church]], the United Presbyterian Church, and the Mount Washington Presbyterian Church, all built in the mid to late 1800s before the neighborhood urbanized.<ref name=holyrood/>{{Rp|9}} Most of the neighborhood's places of worship date back to the early 1900s, but many have changed or moved as the ethnic composition changed in the later 1900s.

The landmarked [[Fort Washington Presbyterian Church]], built in 1914 in [[neo-Georgian architecture|neo-Georgian style]] according to plans by [[Thomas Hastings (architect)|Thomas Hastings]],<ref name=ftpresbyterianhd/> is an example of how Washington Heights' religious institutions reflected demographic changes in the neighborhood. The church was constructed after a merger between two [[Presbyterian]] churches further south in order to have a location uptown, where many members of the previous congregations were moving.<ref name=holyrood>{{cite book|url=http://s-media.nyc.gov/agencies/lpc/lp/2649.pdf|title=Holyrood Episcopal Church – Iglesia Santa Cruz|date=May 18, 2021|publisher=[[New York City Landmarks Preservation Commission]]}}</ref>{{Rp|10}} In 1982, the original congregation turned the church over to ''La Primera Iglesia Española de Washington Heights'', a congregation organized in 1942 by Puerto Rican Presbyterians on 172nd Street and Audubon Avenue.<ref name=ftpresbyterianhd/>{{Rp|11}} Other Protestant churches which changed from a European American to a mostly Caribbean-American congregation in the later part of the 20th century include the landmarked [[Holyrood Episcopal Church]] and Iglesia Adventista del Séptimo Dia (a [[Seventh-day Adventist]] church).<ref name=dunlap/>{{Rp|80}}<ref name=holyrood/>

With the exception of [[Our Lady of Esperanza Church]], which was built in [[Audubon Terrace]] as New York's second Spanish-language Catholic church,<ref name=dunlap/>{{Rp|163}} the neighborhood's Catholic churches served its large Irish population during the early 1900s.<ref name=CB/>{{Rp|27}} [[Church of the Incarnation, Roman Catholic (Manhattan)|Church of the Incarnation]] and St. Elizabeth Church both started [[Catholic school]]s, which began to serve more and more Dominicans as the Irish moved to the suburbs.<ref name=CB/>{{Rp|130,170}}<ref name=dunlap/>{{Rp|111,201}}

Other Christian denominations have a smaller but significant presence in Washington Heights, such as Baptist churches and Greek Orthodox churches (most notably [[St. Spyridon Greek Orthodox Church|St. Spyridon]]).<ref name=dunlap/> Also of note is the [[Holy Cross Armenian Apostolic Church (New York City)|Holy Cross Armenian Apostolic Church]], where, in 1933, members of the [[Armenian Revolutionary Federation]] assassinated Eastern Diocese Archbishop [[Levon Tourian]] as he walked down its halls, after which the church needed to be reconsecrated.<ref name=dunlap/>{{Rp|99}}

Washington Heights' many Jewish institutions underwent significant change throughout the 20th century, with many of their locations in the southern part of the neighborhood being sold to Christian congregations as they closed or moved to more northern areas, where a significant population of Jewish people remained after the white flight of the 1960s and 1970s.<ref name=Lowenstein/>{{Rp|220}} Some Jewish congregations were founded by German Jewish immigrants during the flight from Nazi persecution in the 1930s and 1940s, such as the [[Conservative Jewish|Conservative]] [[Fort Tryon Jewish Center]], while others predate it, such as the [[Orthodox Jewish|Orthodox]] [[Mount Sinai Jewish Center]].<ref name=dunlap/>{{Rp|79,153}} [[Khal Adath Jeshurun]] is an Orthodox congregation started by Rabbi [[Joseph Breuer]] in New York, a continuation of his father's Jewish community in [[Frankfurt am Main]], which includes the [[Yeshiva Rabbi Samson Raphael Hirsch]] as a parochial school.<ref name=Lowenstein/><ref name=dunlap/>{{Rp|123}}