Editing War of 1812 (section)

==== Creek War ====
{{main|Creek War}}
[[File:Fort Mims massacre 1813.jpg|thumb|left|In 1813, Creek warriors [[Fort Mims massacre|attacked Fort Mims]] and killed 400 to 500 people. The massacre became a rallying point for Americans.]]
Before 1813, the war between the Creeks, or [[Muscogee]], had been largely an internal affair sparked by the ideas of Tecumseh farther north in the Mississippi Valley. A faction known as the [[Red Sticks]], so named for the colour of their war sticks, had broken away from the rest of the Creek Confederacy, which wanted peace with the United States. The Red Sticks were allied with Tecumseh, who had visited the Creeks about a year before 1813 and encouraged greater resistance to the Americans.{{sfn|Wilentz|2005|pp=23–25}} The Creek Nation was a trading partner of the United States, actively involved with British and Spanish trade as well. The Red Sticks as well as many southern Muscogee people like the [[Seminole]] had a long history of alliance with the British and Spanish empires.{{sfn|Braund|1993}} This alliance helped the North American and European powers protect each other's claims to territory in the south.{{sfn|Hurt|2002}}

On 27 July the Red Sticks were returning from [[Pensacola, Florida|Pensacola]] with a pack train filled with trade goods and arms when they were [[Battle of Burnt Corn|attacked]] by Americans who made off with their goods. On 30 August 1813, in retaliation for the raid, the Red Sticks, led by chiefs of the Creeks [[William Weatherford|Red Eagle]] and [[Peter McQueen]], attacked [[Fort Mims]] north of [[Mobile, Alabama|Mobile]], the only American-held port in the territory of [[West Florida]]. The attack on Fort Mims resulted in the deaths of 400 refugee settlers, all butchered and scalped, including women and children, and became an ideological rallying point for the Americans.{{sfnm|Waselkov|2009|1pp=116, 225|Hickey|1989|2pp=147–148|Latimer|2007|3p=220}} It prompted the state of Georgia and the Mississippi militia to immediately take major action against Creek offensives. 

The Red Sticks chiefs gained power in the east along the [[Alabama River]], [[Coosa River]] and [[Tallapoosa River]] in the Upper Creek territory. By contrast, the [[Lower Creek]], who lived along the [[Chattahoochee River]], generally opposed the Red Sticks and wanted to remain allied to the U.S. [[Indian agent]] [[Benjamin Hawkins]] recruited Lower Creek to aid the [[United States historical military districts|6th Military District]] under General [[Thomas Pinckney]] and the state militias against the Red Sticks. The United States combined forces were 5,000 troops from East and West Tennessee, with about 200 indigenous allies.{{sfn|Remini|1977|p=72}} At its peak, the Red Stick faction had 4,000 warriors, only a quarter of whom had muskets.{{sfn|Adams|1918|p=785}}

The Indian frontier of western [[Georgia (U.S. state)|Georgia]] was the most vulnerable but was partially fortified already. From November 1813 to January 1814, Georgia's militia{{clarify|date=July 2020}} and auxiliary Federal troops from the [[Muscogee (Creek)|Creek]] and [[Cherokee]] indigenous nations and the states of [[North Carolina]] and [[South Carolina]] organized the fortification of defences along the Chattahoochee River and expeditions into Upper Creek territory in present-day Alabama. The army, led by General [[John Floyd (Georgia politician)|John Floyd]], went to the heart of the Creek Holy Grounds and won a major offensive against one of the largest Creek towns at the [[Battle of Autossee]], killing an estimated two hundred people. In November, the militia of Mississippi with a combined 1,200 troops attacked the Econachca encampment in the [[Battle of Holy Ground]] on the Alabama River.{{sfn|Braund|2012}} Tennessee raised a militia of 5,000 under Major General [[Andrew Jackson]] and Brigadier General [[John Coffee]] and won the battles of [[Battle of Tallushatchee|Tallushatchee]] and [[Battle of Talladega|Talladega]] in November 1813.{{sfn|Remini|2002|pp=70–73}}

Jackson suffered enlistment problems in the winter. He decided to combine his force, composed of Tennessee militia and pro-American Creek, with the Georgia militia. In January, however, the Red Sticks attacked his army at the [[Battles of Emuckfaw and Enotachopo Creek]]. Jackson's troops repelled the attackers, but they were outnumbered and forced to withdraw to his base at [[Fort Strother]].{{sfn|Adams|1918|pp=791–793}}

In January, Floyd's force of 1,300 state militia and 400 Creek moved to join the United States forces in Tennessee, but they were attacked in camp on the Calibee Creek by [[Tukabatchee]] Muscogees on 27 January.{{citation needed|date=July 2020}}
[[File:Battle Horseshoe Bend 1814.jpg|thumb|upright|Creek forces were defeated at the [[Battle of Horseshoe Bend (1814)|Battle of Horseshoe Bend]], bringing an end to the [[Creek War]].]]
Jackson's force increased in numbers with the arrival of United States Army soldiers and a second draft of Tennessee state militia, Cherokee, and pro-American Creek swelled his army to around 5,000. In March 1814, they moved south to attack the Red Sticks.{{sfn|Remini|1977|p=213}} On 27 March, Jackson decisively defeated a force of about a thousand Red Sticks at [[Battle of Horseshoe Bend (1814)|Horseshoe Bend]], killing 800 of them at a cost of 49 killed and 154 wounded.{{sfn|Hickey|1989|pp=146–151}}

Jackson then moved his army to [[Fort Jackson (Alabama)|Fort Jackson]] on the Alabama River. He promptly turned on the pro-American Creek who had fought with him and compelled their chieftains, along with a single Red Stick chieftain, to sign the [[Treaty of Fort Jackson]], which forced the Creek tribe as a whole to cede most of western Georgia and part of [[Alabama]] to the U.S. Both Hawkins and the pro-American Creek strongly opposed the treaty, which they regarded as deeply unjust.<ref>Frank L. Owsley Jr., The Struggle for the Gulf Borderlands: The Creek War and the Battle of New Orleans, 1812–1815 LibraryPress@UF, Gainesville, Florida, 2017, 87–91</ref> The third clause of the treaty also demanded that the Creek cease communicating with the British and Spanish, and trade only with United States-approved agents.{{sfn|Bunn|Williams|2008}}{{Failed verification|date=July 2024}}
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