Editing Vanadium (section)

== Safety ==
All vanadium compounds should be considered toxic.<ref>{{cite journal |last=Srivastava |first=A. K. |year=2000 |title=Anti-diabetic and toxic effects of vanadium compounds |journal=Molecular and Cellular Biochemistry |volume=206 |issue=206 |pages=177–182 |doi=10.1023/A:1007075204494 |pmid=10839208 |s2cid=8871862}}</ref> Tetravalent [[vanadyl sulfate|VOSO<sub>4</sub>]] has been reported to be at least 5 times more toxic than trivalent V<sub>2</sub>O<sub>3</sub>.<ref>{{cite journal |last=Roschin |first=A. V. |date=1967 |title=Toksikologiia soedineniĭ vanadiia, primeneniaemykh<!--sic: should probably be primeniaemykh--> v sovremennoĭ promyshlennosti |trans-title=Toxicology of vanadium compounds used in modern industry |journal=Gigiena i Sanitariia (Water Res.) |language=ru |volume=32 |issue=6 |pages=26–32 |pmid=5605589}}<!--Russian title given only in Latin script. Cyrillic presumably would be: Токсикология соединений ванадия, применяемых в современной промышленности, and journal Гигиена и санитария --></ref> The US [[Occupational Safety and Health Administration]] (OSHA) has set an exposure limit of 0.05&nbsp;mg/m<sup>3</sup> for vanadium pentoxide dust and 0.1&nbsp;mg/m<sup>3</sup> for vanadium pentoxide fumes in workplace air for an 8-hour workday, 40-hour work week.<ref name="OSHA">{{cite web |title=Occupational Safety and Health Guidelines for Vanadium Pentoxide |url=http://www.osha.gov/SLTC/healthguidelines/vanadiumpentoxidedust/recognition.html |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090106063227/http://www.osha.gov/SLTC/healthguidelines/vanadiumpentoxidedust/recognition.html |archive-date=6 January 2009 |access-date=29 January 2009 |publisher=Occupational Safety and Health Administration}}</ref> The US [[National Institute for Occupational Safety and Health]] (NIOSH) has recommended that 35&nbsp;mg/m<sup>3</sup> of vanadium be considered immediately dangerous to life and health, that is, likely to cause permanent health problems or death.<ref name="OSHA" />

Vanadium compounds are poorly absorbed through the gastrointestinal system. Inhalation of vanadium and vanadium compounds results primarily in adverse effects on the respiratory system.<ref>{{cite book |last=Sax |first=N. I. |title=Dangerous Properties of Industrial Materials |date=1984 |publisher=Van Nostrand Reinhold |edition=6th |pages=2717–2720}}</ref><ref name="ress">{{cite journal |last1=Ress |first1=N. B. |last2=Chou |first2=B. J. |last3=Renne |first3=R. A. |last4=Dill |first4=J. A. |last5=Miller |first5=R. A. |last6=Roycroft |first6=J. H. |last7=Hailey |first7=J. R. |last8=Haseman |first8=J. K. |last9=Bucher |first9=J. R. |date=1 August 2003 |title=Carcinogenicity of Inhaled Vanadium Pentoxide in F344/N Rats and B6C3F1 Mice |journal=Toxicological Sciences |volume=74 |issue=2 |pages=287–296 |doi=10.1093/toxsci/kfg136 |pmid=12773761|doi-access=free }}</ref><ref>{{cite journal |last1=Wörle-Knirsch |first1=Jörg M. |last2=Kern |first2=Katrin |last3=Schleh |first3=Carsten |last4=Adelhelm |first4=Christel |last5=Feldmann |first5=Claus |last6=Krug |first6=Harald F. |name-list-style=amp |date=2007 |title=Nanoparticulate Vanadium Oxide Potentiated Vanadium Toxicity in Human Lung Cells |journal=Environmental Science and Technology |volume=41 |issue=1 |pages=331–336 |bibcode=2007EnST...41..331W |doi=10.1021/es061140x |pmid=17265967}}</ref> Quantitative data are, however, insufficient to derive a subchronic or chronic inhalation reference dose. Other effects have been reported after oral or inhalation exposures on blood parameters,<ref>{{cite journal |last1=Ścibior |first1=A. |last2=Zaporowska |first2=H. |last3=Ostrowski |first3=J. |date=2006 |title=Selected haematological and biochemical parameters of blood in rats after subchronic administration of vanadium and/or magnesium in drinking water |journal=Archives of Environmental Contamination and Toxicology |volume=51 |issue=2 |pages=287–295 |doi=10.1007/s00244-005-0126-4 |pmid=16783625 |bibcode=2006ArECT..51..287S |s2cid=43805930}}</ref><ref>{{cite journal |last1=González-Villalva |first1=Adriana |last2=Fortoul |first2=Teresa I |last3=Avila-Costa |first3=Maria Rosa |last4=Piñón-Zarate |first4=Gabriela |last5=Rodriguez-Lara |first5=Vianey |last6=Martínez-Levy |first6=Gabriela |last7=Rojas-Lemus |first7=Marcela |last8=Bizarro-Nevarez |first8=Patricia |last9=Díaz-Bech |first9=Patricia |last10=Mussali-Galante |first10=Patricia |last11=Colin-Barenque |first11=Laura |date=April 2006 |title=Thrombocytosis induced in mice after subacute and subchronic V2O5 inhalation |journal=Toxicology and Industrial Health |volume=22 |issue=3 |pages=113–116 |doi=10.1191/0748233706th250oa |pmid=16716040 |bibcode=2006ToxIH..22..113G |s2cid=9986509}}</ref> liver,<ref>{{cite journal |last1=Kobayashi |first1=Kazuo |last2=Himeno |first2=Seiichiro |last3=Satoh |first3=Masahiko |last4=Kuroda |first4=Junji |last5=Shibata |first5=Nobuo |last6=Seko |first6=Yoshiyuki |last7=Hasegawa |first7=Tatsuya |date=2006 |title=Pentavalent vanadium induces hepatic metallothionein through interleukin-6-dependent and -independent mechanisms |journal=Toxicology |volume=228 |issue=2–3 |pages=162–170 |doi=10.1016/j.tox.2006.08.022 |pmid=16987576|bibcode=2006Toxgy.228..162K }}</ref> neurological development,<ref>{{cite journal |last1=Soazo |first1=Marina |last2=Garcia |first2=Graciela Beatriz |date=2007 |title=Vanadium exposure through lactation produces behavioral alterations and CNS myelin deficit in neonatal rats |journal=Neurotoxicology and Teratology |volume=29 |issue=4 |pages=503–510 |doi=10.1016/j.ntt.2007.03.001 |pmid=17493788|bibcode=2007NTxT...29..503S }}</ref> and other organs<ref>{{cite journal |last1=Barceloux |first1=Donald G. |year=1999 |title=Vanadium |journal=Clinical Toxicology |volume=37 |issue=2 |pages=265–278 |doi=10.1081/CLT-100102425 |pmid=10382561}}</ref> in rats.

There is little evidence that vanadium or vanadium compounds are reproductive toxins or [[teratogen]]s. Vanadium pentoxide was reported to be carcinogenic in male rats and in male and female mice by inhalation in an NTP study,<ref name="ress" /> although the interpretation of the results has been disputed a few years after the report.<ref>{{cite journal |last=Duffus |first=J. H. |date=2007 |title=Carcinogenicity classification of vanadium pentoxide and inorganic vanadium compounds, the NTP study of carcinogenicity of inhaled vanadium pentoxide, and vanadium chemistry |journal=[[Regulatory Toxicology and Pharmacology]] |volume=47 |issue=1 |pages=110–114 |doi=10.1016/j.yrtph.2006.08.006 |pmid=17030368}}</ref> The carcinogenicity of vanadium has not been determined by the [[United States Environmental Protection Agency]].<ref>{{cite web |last=Opreskos |first=Dennis M. |date=1991 |title=Toxicity Summary for Vanadium |url=https://rais.ornl.gov/tox/profiles/vanadium_f_V1.html |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211006060858/https://rais.ornl.gov/tox/profiles/vanadium_f_V1.html |archive-date=6 October 2021 |access-date=8 November 2008 |publisher=Oak Ridge National Laboratory}}</ref>

Vanadium traces in [[diesel fuel]]s are the main fuel component in [[high temperature corrosion]]. During combustion, vanadium oxidizes and reacts with sodium and sulfur, yielding [[vanadate]] compounds with melting points as low as {{Cvt|530|C}}, which attack the [[passivation (chemistry)|passivation layer]] on steel and render it susceptible to corrosion. The solid vanadium compounds also abrade engine components.<ref>{{cite book |last1=Woodyard |first1=Doug |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=RC_k4q6y-JIC&pg=PA92 |title=Pounder's Marine Diesel Engines and Gas Turbines |date=2009-08-18 |isbn=978-0-08-094361-9 |page=92|publisher=Butterworth-Heinemann }}</ref><ref>{{cite book |last1=Totten |first1=George E. |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=J_AkNu-Y1wQC&pg=PA152 |title=Fuels and Lubricants Handbook: Technology, Properties, Performance, and Testing |last2=Westbrook |first2=Steven R. |last3=Shah |first3=Rajesh J. |date=2003-06-01 |isbn=978-0-8031-2096-9 |page=152}}</ref>