Editing Ulcerative colitis (section)

====Nicotine====
Unlike [[Crohn's disease]], ulcerative colitis has a lesser chance of affecting smokers than non-smokers.<ref>{{cite journal | vauthors = Calkins BM | title = A meta-analysis of the role of smoking in inflammatory bowel disease | journal = Digestive Diseases and Sciences | volume = 34 | issue = 12 | pages = 1841–1854 | date = December 1989 | pmid = 2598752 | doi = 10.1007/BF01536701 | s2cid = 5775169 }}</ref><ref>{{cite journal | vauthors = Lakatos PL, Szamosi T, Lakatos L | title = Smoking in inflammatory bowel diseases: good, bad or ugly? | journal = World Journal of Gastroenterology | volume = 13 | issue = 46 | pages = 6134–6139 | date = December 2007 | pmid = 18069751 | pmc = 4171221 | doi = 10.3748/wjg.13.6134 | doi-access = free }}</ref> In select individuals with a history of previous tobacco use, resuming low dose smoking may improve signs and symptoms of active ulcerative colitis,<ref>{{cite journal | vauthors = Calabrese E, Yanai H, Shuster D, Rubin DT, Hanauer SB | title = Low-dose smoking resumption in ex-smokers with refractory ulcerative colitis | journal = Journal of Crohn's & Colitis | volume = 6 | issue = 7 | pages = 756–762 | date = August 2012 | pmid = 22398093 | doi = 10.1016/j.crohns.2011.12.010 | doi-access = free }}</ref> but it is not recommended due to the overwhelmingly negative [[health effects of tobacco]].<ref name=Cosnes2004>{{cite journal | vauthors = Cosnes J | title = Tobacco and IBD: relevance in the understanding of disease mechanisms and clinical practice | journal = Best Practice & Research. Clinical Gastroenterology | volume = 18 | issue = 3 | pages = 481–496 | date = June 2004 | pmid = 15157822 | doi = 10.1016/j.bpg.2003.12.003 }}</ref> Studies using a [[transdermal nicotine]] patch have shown clinical and histological improvement.<ref>{{cite journal | vauthors = Guslandi M | title = Nicotine treatment for ulcerative colitis | journal = British Journal of Clinical Pharmacology | volume = 48 | issue = 4 | pages = 481–484 | date = October 1999 | pmid = 10583016 | pmc = 2014383 | doi = 10.1046/j.1365-2125.1999.00039.x | df = dmy-all }}</ref> In one double-blind, placebo-controlled study conducted in the [[United Kingdom]], 48.6% of people with UC who used the nicotine patch, in conjunction with their standard treatment, showed complete resolution of symptoms. Another randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled, single-center clinical trial conducted in the [[United States]] showed that 39% of people who used the patch showed significant improvement, versus 9% of those given a placebo.<ref>{{cite journal | vauthors = Sandborn WJ, Tremaine WJ, Offord KP, Lawson GM, Petersen BT, Batts KP, Croghan IT, Dale LC, Schroeder DR, Hurt RD | title = Transdermal nicotine for mildly to moderately active ulcerative colitis. A randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled trial | journal = Annals of Internal Medicine | volume = 126 | issue = 5 | pages = 364–371 | date = March 1997 | pmid = 9054280 | doi = 10.7326/0003-4819-126-5-199703010-00004 | s2cid = 25745900 }}</ref> However, nicotine therapy is generally not recommended due to side effects and inconsistent results.<ref>{{cite journal | vauthors = Bonapace CR, Mays DA | title = The effect of mesalamine and nicotine in the treatment of inflammatory bowel disease | journal = The Annals of Pharmacotherapy | volume = 31 | issue = 7–8 | pages = 907–913 | date = 1997 | pmid = 9220055 | doi = 10.1177/106002809703100719 | s2cid = 24122049 }}</ref><ref>{{cite journal | vauthors = Kennedy LD | title = Nicotine therapy for ulcerative colitis | journal = The Annals of Pharmacotherapy | volume = 30 | issue = 9 | pages = 1022–1023 | date = September 1996 | pmid = 8876866 }}</ref><ref>{{cite journal | vauthors = Rubin DT, Hanauer SB | title = Smoking and inflammatory bowel disease | journal = European Journal of Gastroenterology & Hepatology | volume = 12 | issue = 8 | pages = 855–862 | date = August 2000 | pmid = 10958212 | doi = 10.1097/00042737-200012080-00004 }}</ref>