Editing Tracheal intubation (section)

==History==
{{Main|History of tracheal intubation}}

;Tracheotomy
The earliest known depiction of a tracheotomy is found on two Egyptian tablets dating back to around 3600 BC.<ref name=Pahor1992I/> The 110-page [[Ebers Papyrus]], an [[Egyptian medical papyri|Egyptian medical papyrus]] which dates to roughly 1550 BC, also makes reference to the tracheotomy.<ref name=Frost1976/> Tracheotomy was described in the [[Rigveda]], a [[Sanskrit]] text of [[Ayurveda|ayurvedic medicine]] written around 2000 BC in [[Indus Valley civilization|ancient India]].<ref name=Stock1987/> The [[Sushruta Samhita]] from around 400 BC is another text from the Indian subcontinent on ayurvedic medicine and surgery that mentions tracheotomy.<ref name=Sushruta/> [[Asclepiades of Bithynia]] ({{circa|124}}–40 BC) is often credited as being the first physician to perform a non-emergency tracheotomy.<ref name=Yapijakis2009/> [[Galen]] of [[Pergamon]] (AD 129–199) clarified the anatomy of the trachea and was the first to demonstrate that the larynx generates the voice.<ref name=Galen1956-oxford/> In one of his experiments, Galen used bellows to inflate the lungs of a dead animal.<ref name=Baker1971/> [[Avicenna|Ibn Sīnā]] (980–1037) described the use of tracheal intubation to facilitate breathing in 1025 in his 14-volume medical encyclopedia, ''[[The Canon of Medicine]]''.<ref name=Skinner2008/> In the 12th century medical textbook ''Al-Taisir'', [[Ibn Zuhr]] (1092–1162)—also known as Avenzoar—of [[Andalusia|Al-Andalus]]  provided a correct description of the tracheotomy operation.<ref name=Shehata/>

The first detailed descriptions of tracheal intubation and subsequent [[artificial respiration]] of animals were from [[Andreas Vesalius]] (1514–1564) of Brussels. In his landmark book published in 1543, ''[[De humani corporis fabrica]]'', he described an experiment in which he passed a [[reed (plant)|reed]] into the trachea of a dying animal whose thorax had been opened and maintained ventilation by blowing into the reed intermittently.<ref name=Baker1971/> [[Antonio Musa Brassavola]] (1490–1554) of [[Ferrara]] successfully treated a patient with [[peritonsillar abscess]] by tracheotomy. Brassavola published his account in 1546; this operation has been identified as the first recorded successful tracheotomy, despite the many previous references to this operation.<ref name=Goodall1934/> Towards the end of the 16th century, [[Hieronymus Fabricius]] (1533–1619) described a useful technique for tracheotomy in his writings, although he had never actually performed the operation himself. In 1620 the French surgeon [[Nicholas Habicot]] (1550–1624) published a report of four successful tracheotomies.<ref name=Habicot1620/> In 1714, anatomist Georg Detharding (1671–1747) of the [[University of Rostock]] performed a tracheotomy on a drowning victim.<ref name=Price1962/>

Despite the many recorded instances of its use since [[Ancient history|antiquity]], it was not until the early 19th century that the tracheotomy finally began to be recognized as a legitimate means of treating severe airway obstruction. In 1852, French physician [[Armand Trousseau]] (1801–1867) presented a series of 169 tracheotomies to the [[Académie Nationale de Médecine|Académie Impériale de Médecine]]. 158 of these were performed for the treatment of [[croup]], and 11 were performed for "chronic maladies of the larynx".<ref name=Trousseau1852/> Between 1830 and 1855, more than 350 tracheotomies were performed in Paris, most of them at the [[Necker-Enfants Malades Hospital|Hôpital des Enfants Malades]], a [[public hospital]], with an overall survival rate of only 20–25%. This compares with 58% of the 24 patients in Trousseau's private practice, who fared better due to greater postoperative care.<ref name=Rochester1858/>

In 1871, the German surgeon [[Friedrich Trendelenburg]] (1844–1924) published a paper describing the first successful elective human tracheotomy to be performed for the purpose of administration of general anesthesia.<ref name=Hargrave1934/> In 1888, Sir [[Morell Mackenzie]] (1837–1892) published a book discussing the indications for tracheotomy.<ref name=Mackenzie1888/> In the early 20th century, tracheotomy became a life-saving treatment for patients affected with paralytic [[poliomyelitis]] who required mechanical ventilation. In 1909, Philadelphia laryngologist [[Chevalier Jackson]] (1865–1958) described a technique for tracheotomy that is used to this day.<ref name=Jackson1909/>

;Laryngoscopy and non-surgical techniques
[[File:Garcia-Laryngoskop.gif|thumb|alt=Laryngoscopist performing indirect laryngoscopy on a subject|The laryngoscopy. From [[Manuel Patricio Rodríguez García|García]], 1884]]

In 1854, a Spanish [[Vocal pedagogy|singing teacher]] named [[Manuel Patricio Rodríguez García|Manuel García]] (1805–1906) became the first man to view the functioning glottis in a living human.<ref name=Radomski2005/> In 1858, French pediatrician [[Eugène Bouchut]] (1818–1891) developed a new technique for non-surgical orotracheal intubation to bypass laryngeal obstruction resulting from a [[diphtheria]]-related pseudomembrane.<ref name=SPerati2007/> In 1880, Scottish surgeon [[William Macewen]] (1848–1924) reported on his use of orotracheal intubation as an alternative to tracheotomy to allow a patient with glottic edema to breathe, as well as in the setting of general anesthesia with [[chloroform]].<ref name=Macmillan2010/> In 1895, [[Alfred Kirstein]] (1863–1922) of Berlin first described direct visualization of the vocal cords, using an esophagoscope he had modified for this purpose; he called this device an autoscope.<ref name=Hirsch1986/>

In 1913, Chevalier Jackson was the first to report a high rate of success for the use of direct laryngoscopy as a means to intubate the trachea.<ref name=Jackson1913/> Jackson introduced a new laryngoscope blade that incorporated a component that the operator could slide out to allow room for passage of an endotracheal tube or bronchoscope.<ref name=Jackson1922/> Also in 1913, New York surgeon [[Henry H. Janeway]] (1873–1921) published results he had achieved using a laryngoscope he had recently developed.<ref name=Burkle2004/> Another pioneer in this field was Sir [[Ivan Magill|Ivan Whiteside Magill]] (1888–1986), who developed the technique of awake blind nasotracheal intubation,<ref name=Magill1930/><ref name=Mclachlan2008/> the Magill forceps,<ref name=Magill1920/> the Magill laryngoscope blade,<ref name=Magill1926/> and several apparati for the administration of volatile anesthetic agents.<ref name=Magill1921-portable/><ref name=Magill1921-warming/><ref name=Magill1923-apparatus/> The Magill curve of an endotracheal tube is also named for Magill. Sir [[Robert Macintosh]] (1897–1989) introduced a curved laryngoscope blade in 1943;<ref name=Macintosh1943/> the Macintosh blade remains to this day the most widely used laryngoscope blade for orotracheal intubation.<ref name=Scott2009/>

Between 1945 and 1952, [[Optical engineering|optical engineers]] built upon the earlier work of [[Rudolf Schindler (doctor)|Rudolph Schindler]] (1888–1968), developing the first gastrocamera.<ref name=HistoryVol2/> In 1964, [[optical fiber]] technology was applied to one of these early gastrocameras to produce the first flexible fiberoptic endoscope.<ref name=HistoryVol3/> Initially used in [[esophagogastroduodenoscopy|upper GI endoscopy]], this device was first used for laryngoscopy and tracheal intubation by Peter Murphy, an English anesthetist, in 1967.<ref name=Murphy1967/> The concept of using a stylet for replacing or exchanging orotracheal tubes was introduced by Finucane and Kupshik in 1978, using a [[central venous catheter]].<ref name=Finucane1978/>

By the mid-1980s, the flexible fiberoptic bronchoscope had become an indispensable instrument within the pulmonology and anesthesia communities.<ref name=Wheeler2007/> The [[Information Age|digital revolution]] of the 21st century has brought newer technology to the art and science of tracheal intubation. Several manufacturers have developed video laryngoscopes which employ [[Digital electronics|digital technology]] such as the [[CMOS]] [[active pixel sensor]] (CMOS APS) to generate a view of the glottis so that the trachea may be intubated.<ref name=Sheinbaum2007/>