Editing Tourette syndrome (section)

== Society and culture ==
{{Main|Societal and cultural aspects of Tourette syndrome}}
[[File:Samuel Johnson by Joshua Reynolds.jpg|thumb|right|alt=Half-length portrait of a large, squinting man with a fleshy face, dressed in brown and wearing an 18th-century wig|[[Samuel Johnson]] {{circa}} 1772. Johnson is likely to have had Tourette syndrome.]]
<!--
Please do not add your own speculations here – Wikipedia is not for original research. Please add suggested inclusions to the talk page.
-->

Not everyone with Tourette's wants treatment or a cure, especially if that means they may lose something else in the process.{{sfnp|Müller-Vahl|2013|p=623}}{{sfnp|Leckman|Cohen|1999|p=408}} The researchers [[James F. Leckman|Leckman]] and [[Donald J. Cohen|Cohen]] believe that there may be latent advantages associated with an individual's genetic vulnerability to developing Tourette syndrome that may have adaptive value, such as heightened awareness and increased attention to detail and surroundings.{{sfnp|Leckman|Cohen|1999|pp=18–19, 148–151, 408}}{{sfnp|Müller-Vahl|2013|loc=p. 624; "... a few 'positive' aspects may be closely linked to TS. People with TS, for example, may have positive personality characteristics and talents such as punctuality, correctness, conscientiousness, a sense of justice, quick comprehension, good intelligence, creativity, musicality, and athletic abilities. For that reason, some people with TS even hesitate when asked whether they wish the disorder would disappear completely"}}

<!-- Please do not add your own speculations here – Wikipedia is not for original research. Please add suggested inclusions to the talk page. -->[[Societal and cultural aspects of Tourette syndrome#Notable individuals|Accomplished musicians, athletes, public speakers and professionals]] from all walks of life are found among people with Tourette's.{{sfnp|Müller-Vahl|2013|p=625}}<ref>[https://web.archive.org/web/20110716124051/http://www.tsa-usa.org/People/LivingWithTS/LivingTS.htm Portraits of adults with TS.] [[Tourette Association of America|Tourette Syndrome Association]]. Retrieved from July 16, 2011, archive.org version on December 21, 2011.</ref> The athlete [[Tim Howard]], described by the ''Chicago Tribune'' as the "rarest of creatures—an American soccer hero",<ref>{{cite news | vauthors = Keilman J |url= http://www.chicagotribune.com/lifestyles/books/ct-prj-keeper-tim-howard-game-of-our-lives-david-goldblatt-20150121-story.html#page=1 |title= Reviews: ''The Game of Our Lives'' by David Goldblatt, ''The Keeper'' by Tim Howard |archive-url= https://web.archive.org/web/20150402152617/http://www.chicagotribune.com/lifestyles/books/ct-prj-keeper-tim-howard-game-of-our-lives-david-goldblatt-20150121-story.html#page=1 |archive-date=April 2, 2015 |work= Chicago Tribune |date= January 22, 2015 |access-date= March 21, 2015}}</ref> and by the [[Tourette Association of America|Tourette Syndrome Association]] as the "most notable individual with Tourette Syndrome around the world",<ref>[http://www.tsa-usa.org/news/TimHowardAward.html Tim Howard receives first-ever Champion of Hope Award from the National Tourette Syndrome Association.] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150330163000/http://www.tsa-usa.org/news/TimHowardAward.html |date=March 30, 2015 }} Tourette Syndrome Association. October 14, 2014. Retrieved on March 21, 2015.</ref> says that his neurological makeup gave him an enhanced perception and an acute focus that contributed to his success on the field.<ref name=HowardKeeper>{{cite news | vauthors = Howard T|url= https://www.theguardian.com/football/2014/dec/06/everton-tim-howard-goalkeeper-tourette-syndrome-ocd-autobiography-the-keeper |title= Tim Howard: Growing up with Tourette syndrome and my love of football |archive-url= https://web.archive.org/web/20161115102856/https://www.theguardian.com/football/2014/dec/06/everton-tim-howard-goalkeeper-tourette-syndrome-ocd-autobiography-the-keeper |archive-date=November 15, 2016 |work= The Guardian |date= December 6, 2014 |access-date= March 21, 2015}}</ref>

[[Samuel Johnson]] is a historical figure who likely had Tourette syndrome, as evidenced by the writings of his friend [[James Boswell]].<ref>[https://web.archive.org/web/20050407083830/http://www.tsa-usa.org/what_is/johnson.html Samuel Johnson.] [[Tourette Association of America|Tourette Syndrome Association]]. Retrieved from April 7, 2005, archive.org version on December 30, 2011.</ref><ref>{{cite journal |vauthors=Pearce JM |title=Doctor Samuel Johnson: 'the great convulsionary' a victim of Gilles de la Tourette's syndrome |journal=J R Soc Med |volume=87 |issue=7 |pages=396–399 |date=July 1994 |doi=10.1177/014107689408700709 |pmid=8046726 |pmc=1294650 |type= Historical biography}}</ref> Johnson wrote ''[[A Dictionary of the English Language]]'' in 1747, and was a prolific writer, poet, and critic. There is little support<ref>{{cite journal |vauthors=Powell H, Kushner HI |title=Mozart at play: the limitations of attributing the etiology of genius to tourette syndrome and mental illness |journal=Prog. Brain Res. |volume=216 |pages=277–291 |date=2015 |pmid=25684294 |doi=10.1016/bs.pbr.2014.11.010 |type= Historical biography}}</ref><ref>{{cite journal |vauthors=Bhattacharyya KB, Rai S |title=Famous people with Tourette's syndrome: Dr. Samuel Johnson (yes) & Wolfgang Amadeus Mozart (may be): Victims of Tourette's syndrome? |journal=Ann Indian Acad Neurol |volume=18 |issue=2 |pages=157–161 |date=2015 |pmid=26019411 |pmc=4445189 |doi=10.4103/0972-2327.145288 |doi-access=free }}</ref> for [[Societal and cultural aspects of Tourette syndrome#Speculation about notable individuals|speculation that Mozart had Tourette's]]:<ref name=Byways>{{cite journal |vauthors=Simkin B |title=Mozart's scatological disorder |journal=BMJ |volume=305 |issue=6868 |pages=1563–1567 |date=1992 |pmid=1286388 |pmc=1884718 |doi=10.1136/bmj.305.6868.1563 |type= Historical biography}} Also see: Simkin, Benjamin. ''Medical and musical byways of Mozartiana.'' Fithian Press. 2001. {{ISBN|1-56474-349-7}} [http://www.danielpublishing.com/books/suppl/simkin.html Review] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20051207023102/http://www.danielpublishing.com/books/suppl/simkin.html |date=December 7, 2005 }}, Retrieved on May 14, 2007.</ref> the potentially [[coprolalia|coprolalic]] aspect of vocal tics is not transferred to writing, so Mozart's [[Scatology|scatological]] writings are not relevant; the composer's available medical history is not thorough; the side effects of other conditions may be misinterpreted; and "the evidence of motor tics in Mozart's life is doubtful".<ref>Mozart:
* {{cite book |veditors=Bogousslavsky J, Hennerici MG |title=Neurological Disorders in Famous Artists - Part 2 |vauthors=Kammer T |chapter=Mozart in the neurological department – who has the tic? |volume=22 |pages=184–192 |date=2007 |location=Basel |publisher=Karger |type=Historical biography |chapter-url= https://www.uni-ulm.de/~tkammer/pdf/Kammer_2007_Mozart_preprint.pdf |pmid=17495512 |doi=10.1159/000102880 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120207145220/http://www.uni-ulm.de/~tkammer/pdf/Kammer_2007_Mozart_preprint.pdf |archive-date=February 7, 2012 |series=Frontiers of Neurology and Neuroscience |isbn=978-3-8055-8265-0 |ref=none}}
* {{cite journal |vauthors=Ashoori A, Jankovic J |title=Mozart's movements and behaviour: a case of Tourette's syndrome? |journal=J. Neurol. Neurosurg. Psychiatry |volume=78 |issue=11 |pages=1171–1175 |date=November 2007 |pmid=17940168 |pmc=2117611 |doi=10.1136/jnnp.2007.114520 |type= Historical biography|ref=none}}
* {{cite journal |vauthors=Sacks O |title=Tourette's syndrome and creativity |journal=BMJ |volume=305 |issue=6868 |pages=1515–1516 |date=1992 |pmid=1286364 |pmc=1884721 |doi=10.1136/bmj.305.6868.1515 |type= Editorial comment|ref=none}}</ref>
<!-- Please do not add your own speculations here – Wikipedia is not for original research. Please add suggested inclusions to the talk page. -->

Likely portrayals of TS or tic disorders in fiction predating Gilles de la Tourette's work are "Mr. Pancks" in [[Charles Dickens]]'s ''[[Little Dorrit]]'' and "Nikolai Levin" in [[Leo Tolstoy]]'s ''[[Anna Karenina]]''.<ref>{{cite journal |vauthors=Voss H |title=The representation of movement disorders in fictional literature |journal=J. Neurol. Neurosurg. Psychiatry |volume=83 |issue=10 |pages=994–999 |date=October 2012 |pmid=22752692 |doi=10.1136/jnnp-2012-302716 |s2cid=27902880 |type= Review}}</ref> The entertainment industry has been criticized for [[Societal and cultural aspects of Tourette syndrome#References in the media|depicting those with Tourette syndrome]] as social misfits whose only tic is coprolalia, which has furthered the public's misunderstanding and stigmatization of those with Tourette's.<ref>{{cite journal |title= Tourette syndrome in film and television |vauthors= Calder-Sprackman S, Sutherland S, Doja A |journal= The Canadian Journal of Neurological Sciences |volume= 41 |issue= 2 |date= March 2014 |pages= 226–232|doi= 10.1017/S0317167100016620 |pmid= 24534035 |s2cid= 39288755 |doi-access= free }}</ref><ref>{{cite journal |title= Public perception of Tourette syndrome on YouTube |vauthors= Lim Fat MJ, Sell E, Barrowman N, Doja A | journal= Journal of Child Neurology |volume= 27 |issue= 8 |date= 2012 |pages= 1011–1016|citeseerx = 10.1.1.997.9069|doi = 10.1177/0883073811432294|pmid = 22821136 |s2cid= 21648806 }}</ref><ref name="Holtgren">{{cite news | vauthors = Holtgren B |title= Truth about Tourette's not what you think |work= [[Cincinnati Enquirer]] |date= January 11, 2006 |quote=As medical problems go, Tourette's is, except in the most severe cases, about the most minor imaginable thing to have. ... the freak-show image, unfortunately, still prevails overwhelmingly. The blame for the warped perceptions lies overwhelmingly with the video media—the Internet, movies and TV. If you search for 'Tourette' on Google or YouTube, you'll get a gazillion hits that almost invariably show the most outrageously extreme examples of motor and vocal tics. Television, with notable exceptions such as Oprah, has sensationalized Tourette's so badly, for so long, that it seems beyond hope that most people will ever know the more prosaic truth.}}</ref> The coprolalic symptoms of Tourette's are also fodder for radio and television talk shows in the US<ref>US media:
* {{cite press release |archive-url= https://web.archive.org/web/20011006192716/http://tsa-usa.org/drlaura.html |title= Oprah and Dr. Laura|publisher= [[Tourette Association of America|Tourette Syndrome Association]] |date= May 31, 2001 |archive-date= October 6, 2001 |access-date= December 21, 2011 |url= http://tsa-usa.org/drlaura.html}}
* {{cite press release |archive-url= https://web.archive.org/web/20080831055605/http://www.tsa-usa.org/news/DrPhil.htm |title= Letter of response to Dr. Phil. |publisher= Tourette Syndrome Association |archive-date= August 31, 2008 |access-date= December 21, 2011 |url= http://www.tsa-usa.org/news/DrPhil.htm}}
* {{cite press release |archive-url= https://web.archive.org/web/20090207194952/http://www.tsa-usa.org/news/Garrison-Keillor.htm |title= Letter of response to Garrison Keillor radio show |publisher= Tourette Syndrome Association |url= http://www.tsa-usa.org/news/Garrison-Keillor.htm |archive-date= February 7, 2009 |access-date= December 21, 2011}}</ref> and for the British media.<ref>{{cite news | vauthors = Guldberg H|url= http://www.spiked-online.com/index.php?/site/article/321/ |title= Stop celebrating Tourette's |archive-url= https://web.archive.org/web/20170314063258/http://www.spiked-online.com/index.php?%2Fsite%2Farticle%2F321%2F |archive-date=March 14, 2017 |work= [[Spiked (magazine)|Spiked]] |date= May 26, 2006 |access-date= December 26, 2006}}</ref> High-profile media coverage focuses on treatments that do not have established safety or efficacy, such as [[deep brain stimulation]], and alternative therapies involving unstudied efficacy and side effects are pursued by many parents.<ref name=Swerdlow>{{cite journal |vauthors=Swerdlow NR |title=Tourette syndrome: current controversies and the battlefield landscape |journal=Curr Neurol Neurosci Rep |volume=5 |issue=5 |pages=329–331 |date=September 2005 |pmid=16131414 |doi=10.1007/s11910-005-0054-8|s2cid=26342334 }}</ref>