Editing Titanium (section)

===Titanium alloys===
{{main|Titanium alloys}}
[[File:Titanium products.jpg|thumb|Basic titanium products: plate, tube, rods, and powder]]
Common [[titanium alloy]]s are made by reduction. For example, cuprotitanium (rutile with [[copper]] added), ferrocarbon titanium (ilmenite reduced with [[coke (fuel)|coke]] in an electric furnace), and manganotitanium (rutile with manganese or manganese oxides) are reduced.<ref name=TI_Encarta2005>{{cite encyclopedia |title=Titanium |year=2005 |encyclopedia=Microsoft Encarta |url=http://encarta.msn.com/encyclopedia_761569280/Titanium.html |access-date=29 December 2006  |archive-url= https://web.archive.org/web/20061027112633/http://encarta.msn.com/encyclopedia_761569280/Titanium.html |archive-date=27 October 2006}}</ref>

About fifty grades of [[titanium alloy]]s are designed and currently used, although only a couple of dozen are readily available commercially.<ref>{{harvnb|Donachie|1988|p=16, Appendix&nbsp;J}}</ref> The [[ASTM International]] recognizes 31&nbsp;grades of titanium metal and alloys, of which grades one through four are commercially pure (unalloyed). Those four vary in tensile strength as a function of oxygen content, with grade 1 being the most ductile (lowest tensile strength with an oxygen content of 0.18%), and grade&nbsp;4 the least ductile (highest tensile strength with an oxygen content of 0.40%).<ref name=Emsley2001p453/> The remaining grades are alloys, each designed for specific properties of ductility, strength, hardness, electrical resistivity, [[creep (deformation)|creep]] resistance, specific corrosion resistance, and combinations thereof.<ref>{{cite book |title=Annual Book of ASTM Standards |section=Volume&nbsp;02.04: Non-ferrous Metals |year=2006 |publisher=[[ASTM International]] |location=[[West Conshohocken, PA]] |at=section&nbsp;2 |isbn=978-0-8031-4086-8 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=yCGIPQAACAAJ}} {{cite book |title=Annual Book of ASTM Standards |year=1998 |section=Volume&nbsp;13.01: Medical Devices; Emergency Medical Services |publisher=[[ASTM International]] |location=[[West Conshohocken, PA]] |at=sections&nbsp;2 & 13 |isbn=978-0-8031-2452-3}}</ref>

In addition to the ASTM specifications, titanium alloys are also produced to meet aerospace and military specifications (SAE-AMS, MIL-T), ISO standards, and country-specific specifications, as well as proprietary end-user specifications for aerospace, military, medical, and industrial applications.<ref>{{harvnb|Donachie|1988|pp=13–16, Appendices H and J}}</ref>