Editing Taiwan (section)

==={{anchor|status}}Foreign relations and international status===
{{Main|Foreign relations of Taiwan|Political status of Taiwan}}
{{See also|List of states with limited recognition|Foreign relations of China#International territorial disputes|Taiwan, China}}

[[File:Countries recognizing the Republic of China (Taiwan).svg|thumb|upright=1.2|
{{Legend|black|Republic of China (Taiwan)}}
{{Legend|#007f00|Countries that have formal relations with Taiwan}}
{{Legend|#8fbc8f|Countries that have formal relations with the PRC and informal relations with Taiwan}}]]

The political and legal statuses of Taiwan are contentious issues. The People's Republic of China (PRC) claims that Taiwan is Chinese territory and that the PRC replaced the ROC government in 1949, becoming the sole legal government of China.<ref name="PRCNorway">{{cite web |url=https://www.fmprc.gov.cn/ce/ceno/eng/ztxw/twwt/t110655.htm |title=White Paper—The One-China Principle and the Taiwan Issue |author=<!--Not stated--> |date=21 February 2000 |website=Embassy of the PRC in the Kingdom of Norway |publisher=The Taiwan Affairs Office and The Information Office of the State Council |access-date=27 November 2021 |quote=As we have already said, Taiwan is an inalienable part of Chinese territory and, after replacing the government of the Republic of China in 1949, the government of the PRC has become the sole legal government of China, enjoying and exercising sovereignty over the whole of China, including Taiwan. |archive-date=28 November 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211128012529/https://www.fmprc.gov.cn/ce/ceno/eng/ztxw/twwt/t110655.htm |url-status=live }}</ref> The ROC, however, has its [[New Taiwan dollar|own currency]], [[Taiwan passport|widely accepted passport]], [[Postage stamps and postal history of Taiwan|postage stamps]], internet [[Top-level domain|TLD]], armed forces, constitution, and institutions.<ref name="tfp09">{{cite web |date=2009 |title=Taiwan flashpoint: Introduction – Present status |url=http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/shared/spl/hi/asia_pac/04/taiwan_flashpoint/html/present_status.stm |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201205164959/http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/shared/spl/hi/asia_pac/04/taiwan_flashpoint/html/present_status.stm |archive-date=5 December 2020 |access-date=6 December 2020 |website=[[BBC]] |quote=But Taiwan's leaders say it is clearly much more than a province, arguing that it is a sovereign state. It has its own constitution, democratically-elected leaders, and 400,000 troops in its armed forces.}}</ref> It has not formally renounced its claim to the mainland, but ROC government publications have increasingly downplayed this historical claim.<ref>{{cite book |last=Chang |first=Bi-yu |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=hgaUBwAAQBAJ&q=9781317658122&pg=PA58 |title=Place, Identity, and National Imagination in Post-war Taiwan |date=2015 |publisher=[[Routledge]] |isbn=978-1-317-65812-2 |location=University of London |pages=35–40, 46–60 |language=en |access-date=25 July 2023 |archive-date=2 October 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20241002210440/https://books.google.com/books?id=hgaUBwAAQBAJ&q=9781317658122&pg=PA58#v=onepage&q=9781317658122&f=false |url-status=live }}</ref>

Until 1928, the [[foreign policy]] of Republican China was complicated by a lack of internal unity—competing centers of power all claimed legitimacy. This situation changed after the defeat of the [[Beiyang Government|Peiyang Government]] by the Kuomintang (KMT), which led to widespread diplomatic recognition of the Republic of China.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://history.state.gov/countries/china|title=Countries&nbsp;– China|publisher=US Department of State, Office of the Historian|access-date=28 May 2009|archive-date=15 April 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210415013135/https://history.state.gov/countries/china|url-status=live}}</ref> After the KMT retreated to Taiwan, most countries, especially those of the [[Western Bloc]] – save the United Kingdom, which recognized the PRC in 1950<ref>Wolf, David C. [https://www.jstor.org/stable/260389 'To Secure a Convenience': Britain Recognizes China – 1950] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231215163208/https://www.jstor.org/stable/260389 |date=15 December 2023 }}. Journal of Contemporary History, vol. 18, no. 2, 1983, pp. 299–326. JSTOR.</ref> – continued to maintain formal relations with the ROC; but recognition gradually eroded and many countries switched recognition to the People's Republic of China in the 1970s. On 25 October 1971, UN Resolution 2758 was adopted by 76 votes to 35 with 17 abstentions, recognizing the PRC as China's sole representative in the United Nations.<ref>Eyal Propper. [https://web.archive.org/web/20120325191248/http://israelcfr.com/documents/issue5_china.pdf "How China Views its National Security,"] [[Israel Council on Foreign Relations|The Israel Journal of Foreign Affairs]], May 2008.</ref><ref>{{cite web|publisher=United Nations Digital Library|url=https://digitallibrary.un.org/record/735611?ln=en|page=41|title=General Assembly, 26th session: 1976th plenary meeting, Monday, 25 October 1971, New York (A/PV.1976)|year=1974|access-date=28 October 2021|archive-date=15 February 2020|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200215090149/https://digitallibrary.un.org/record/735611?ln=en|url-status=live}}</ref>

[[File:Taiwanese Embassy in Mbabane.JPG|thumb|[[Embassy of the Republic of China (Taiwan) in the Kingdom of Eswatini|ROC embassy]] in [[Eswatini]]]]
The PRC refuses to have [[diplomacy|diplomatic relations]] with any nation that has diplomatic relations with the ROC, and requires all nations with which it has diplomatic relations to make a statement on its claims to Taiwan.<ref>{{Cite book |last=Henckaerts |first=Jean-Marie |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=_9kuVIayxDoC&pg=PA96 |title=The international status of Taiwan in the new world order |publisher=[[Martinus Nijhoff Publishers]] |year=1996 |isbn=978-90-411-0929-3 |pages=96–97 |language=en |access-date=28 September 2020 |archive-date=2 October 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20241002213726/https://books.google.com/books?id=_9kuVIayxDoC&pg=PA96#v=onepage&q&f=false |url-status=live }}</ref><ref>{{cite journal|last=Lee|first=Tzu-wen|year=1996|title=The International Legal Status of the Republic of China on Taiwan|journal=UCLA Journal of International Law and Foreign Affairs|volume=1|issue=2|pages=351–392|jstor=45302055}}</ref> As a result, only {{Numrec|ROC||UN member states}} and the [[Holy See]] maintain official diplomatic relations with the Republic of China.<ref name="ap2024"/> The ROC maintains unofficial relations with other countries via ''de facto'' [[embassy|embassies]] and [[consul (representative)|consulates]] mostly called [[Taipei Economic and Cultural Representative Office]]s (TECRO), with branch offices called "Taipei Economic and Cultural Offices" (TECO). Both TECRO and TECO are "unofficial commercial entities" of the ROC in charge of maintaining diplomatic relations, providing consular services, and serving the national interests of the ROC.<ref>{{cite journal |last=Pajtinka |first=Erik |year=2017 |title=Between Diplomacy and Paradiplomacy: Taiwan's Foreign Relations in Current Practice |journal=Journal of Nationalism, Memory & Language Politics |publication-place=[[Matej Bel University]] |volume=11 |issue=1 |pages=39–57 |doi=10.1515/jnmlp-2017-0003 |s2cid=158957023 |doi-access=free}}</ref>

From 1954 to 1979, the United States was a partner with Taiwan in a mutual defense treaty. The United States remains one of the [[Republic of China-United States relations|main supporters]] of Taiwan and, through the [[Taiwan Relations Act]] passed in 1979, has continued selling arms and providing military training to the [[Republic of China Armed Forces]].<ref name="TRA-review">{{cite web|url=http://www.heritage.org/research/asiaandthepacific/bg1272.cfm|title=The Taiwan Relations Act After 20 Years: Keys to Past and Future Success|first=Stephen J.|last=Yates|author-link=Stephen J. Yates|date=16 April 1999|publisher=The Heritage Foundation|access-date=19 July 2009|url-status=unfit|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090722095740/http://www.heritage.org/research/asiaandthepacific/bg1272.cfm|archive-date=22 July 2009}}</ref> The PRC considers US involvement disruptive to the stability of the region.<ref name="SanctionsAFP">{{cite news|title=China: US spat over Taiwan could hit co-operation |date=2 February 2010 |agency=[[Agence France-Presse]] |url=https://www.google.com/hostednews/afp/article/ALeqM5jDzKLVZ7X2dz8yrsshklcJZh38Cg |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100206214100/https://www.google.com/hostednews/afp/article/ALeqM5jDzKLVZ7X2dz8yrsshklcJZh38Cg |archive-date=6 February 2010 |access-date=17 July 2014}}</ref><ref>{{cite news|title=Obama to push ahead on Taiwan frigate sales despite Chinese anger|url=https://www.cnbc.com/2015/12/14/obama-to-push-ahead-on-taiwan-frigate-sales-despite-chinese-anger.html|publisher=[[CNBC]]|agency=[[Reuters]]|date=14 December 2015|access-date=15 September 2017|archive-date=29 May 2017|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170529195323/http://www.cnbc.com/2015/12/14/obama-to-push-ahead-on-taiwan-frigate-sales-despite-chinese-anger.html|url-status=live}}</ref> The official position of the United States is that the PRC is expected to "use no force or threat[en] to use force against Taiwan" and the ROC is to "exercise prudence in managing all aspects of [[cross-strait relations]]." Both are to refrain from performing actions or espousing statements "that would unilaterally alter Taiwan's status".<ref name="UsPolicyToTaiwan">{{cite press release |publisher=[[United States Department of State]] |date=21 April 2004 |title=Overview of US Policy Towards Taiwan |url=https://2001-2009.state.gov/p/eap/rls/rm/2004/31649.htm |access-date=17 July 2014 |last=Kelly |first=James A. |archive-date=14 October 2019 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20191014064318/https://2001-2009.state.gov/p/eap/rls/rm/2004/31649.htm |url-status=live }}</ref> While not officially classified as a [[major non-NATO ally]], it has been ''de facto'' treated this way by the [[United States]] since at least 2003.<ref name="Kan20092">{{cite book |last=Kan |first=Shirley |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=fJSHhOZo_j8C&pg=PA52 |title=Taiwan: Major U.S. Arms Sales Since 1990 |date=December 2009 |publisher=DIANE Publishing |isbn=978-1-4379-2041-3 |pages=52 |access-date=22 November 2023 |archive-date=16 August 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240816172305/https://books.google.com/books?id=fJSHhOZo_j8C&pg=PA52#v=onepage&q&f=false |url-status=live }}</ref>

Taiwan, since 2016 under the Tsai administration's [[New Southbound Policy]], has pursued closer economic relations with South and [[Southeast Asia]]n countries, increasing cooperation on investments and people-to-people exchanges despite the region's general lack of official diplomatic ties with Taipei.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Sana Hashmi |date=5 February 2021 |title=Perfecting Taiwan's New Southbound Policy |url=https://thediplomat.com/2021/02/perfecting-taiwans-new-southbound-policy/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://archive.today/20230125053859/https://thediplomat.com/2021/02/perfecting-taiwans-new-southbound-policy/ |archive-date=25 January 2023 |website=[[The Diplomat (magazine)|The Diplomat]] |language=en-US}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |date=30 August 2021 |title=Southbound Policy options discussed |url=https://www.taipeitimes.com/News/taiwan/archives/2021/08/30/2003763471 |access-date=25 January 2023 |website=[[Taipei Times]] |archive-date=25 January 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230125092725/https://www.taipeitimes.com/News/taiwan/archives/2021/08/30/2003763471 |url-status=live }}</ref> The policy has led to Taiwan receiving an increased number of migrants and students from the region.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Ralph Jennings |date=28 February 2019 |title=Illegal immigration disrupt Taiwan's economic shift away from China and towards Southeast Asia |url=https://www.scmp.com/economy/china-economy/article/2187922/illegal-immigration-disrupts-taiwans-economic-shift-away-china |url-status=live |archive-url=https://archive.today/20210504063103/https://www.scmp.com/economy/china-economy/article/2187922/illegal-immigration-disrupts-taiwans-economic-shift-away-china |archive-date=4 May 2021 |access-date=25 January 2023 |website=[[South China Morning Post]] |language=en}}</ref> However, a few scandals of Southeast Asians, particularly Indonesians, experiencing exploitation in scholarship programs<ref>{{Cite web |last=Mimi Leung |date=7 January 2019 |title=Indonesia suspends student internships to Taiwan |url=https://www.universityworldnews.com/post.php?story=20190107175952304 |access-date=25 January 2023 |website=[[University World News]] |archive-date=25 January 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230125092734/https://www.universityworldnews.com/post.php?story=20190107175952304 |url-status=live }}</ref> and in some labor industries have emerged as setbacks for the policy<ref>{{Cite web |last=[[Kyodo]] |date=2019-08-29 |title=Migrant worker's death at hands of Taiwan police highlights failings in labour system |url=https://www.scmp.com/news/china/society/article/3024913/migrant-workers-death-hands-taiwan-police-highlights-failings |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231021002443/https://www.scmp.com/news/china/society/article/3024913/migrant-workers-death-hands-taiwan-police-highlights-failings |archive-date=2023-10-21 |website=South China Morning Post |language=en |quote=A combination of factors – rules of employment, limited education, poor Chinese-language skills and corruption – have long made such workers targets of abuse, leading foreign governments to express concern about their citizens employed in Taiwan.}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |last=Ja Ian Chong |date=10 April 2019 |title=Taiwan's New Southbound Policy: Accomplishments and Perceptions |url=https://www.eastwestcenter.org/publications/taiwan%E2%80%99s-new-southbound-policy-accomplishments-and-perceptions |website=[[East-West Center]] |place=[[National University of Singapore]] |language=en |access-date=25 January 2023 |archive-date=25 January 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230125092726/https://www.eastwestcenter.org/publications/taiwan%E2%80%99s-new-southbound-policy-accomplishments-and-perceptions |url-status=live }}</ref> as well as for [[Indonesia-Taiwan relations]].<ref>{{Cite web |last=Chou |first=Bryan |date=5 November 2020 |title=Taiwan, Indonesia Spar Over Migrant Worker Fees |url=https://international.thenewslens.com/article/142835 |access-date=25 January 2023 |website=[[The News Lens]] |language=en |archive-date=25 January 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230125092727/https://international.thenewslens.com/article/142835 |url-status=live }}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |date=7 February 2017 |title=Perbudakan ABK di Taiwan Mendapat Perhatian Khusus Dewan |trans-title=ABK slavery in Taiwan Receives Special Attention from the Council |url=http://www.dpr.go.id/berita/detail/id/15447 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230125092729/https://www.dpr.go.id/berita/detail/id/15447 |archive-date=25 January 2023 |access-date=25 January 2023 |website=[[People's Representative Council]] |language=id}}</ref>

====Relations with the PRC====
{{Main|Cross-strait relations}}
[[File:2015 Ma–Xi Meeting 08.jpg|thumb|The [[Ma–Xi meeting]] was the only meeting between the leaders of both sides of the Taiwan Strait since 1949.]]
The [[Mainland Affairs Council]] (MAC) of Taiwan is responsible for relations with the PRC, while the [[Taiwan Affairs Office]] (TAO) of the PRC is responsible for relations with Taiwan. Exchanges are conducted through private organizations both founded in 1991: the [[Straits Exchange Foundation]] (SEF) of Taiwan and the [[Association for Relations Across the Taiwan Straits]] (ARATS) of the PRC.

In November 1992, the ARATS and SEF held a meeting which would later become known as the [[1992 Consensus]]. The SEF announced that both sides agreed that there was only [[one China]], but disagreed on the definition of China (i.e. the ROC vs. PRC), while the ARATS announced that the two agreed on the One China principle, but did not mention differences regarding its definition made in the SEF statement.<ref name="autogenerated1">{{Cite web|url=https://www.everycrsreport.com/reports/RL30341.html|title=China/Taiwan: Evolution of the "One China" Policy—Key Statements from Washington, Beijing, and Taipei|website=www.everycrsreport.com|access-date=7 January 2022|archive-date=16 August 2024|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240816172156/https://www.everycrsreport.com/reports/RL30341.html|url-status=live}}</ref> In Taiwan, the ruling [[Democratic Progressive Party]] has rejected the 1992 Consensus since early 2019.<ref>{{cite web|title=President Tsai issues statement on China's President Xi's "Message to Compatriots in Taiwan"|url=https://english.president.gov.tw/News/5621|website=Office of the President, ROC (Taiwan)|date=2 January 2019|access-date=4 July 2023|archive-date=22 May 2023|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230522173943/https://english.president.gov.tw/News/5621|url-status=live}}</ref> President [[Lai Ching-te]] has stated that the ROC and the PRC are not subordinate to each other.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://thediplomat.com/2024/11/lai-ching-te-and-the-republic-of-china-and-motherland-theories/|title=Lai Ching-te and the 'Republic of China' and 'Motherland' Theories|website=The Diplomat|last=Kawashima|first=Shin|date=29 November 2024|access-date=27 February 2025}}</ref>

The PRC's One China principle states that Taiwan and mainland China are both part of China, and that the PRC is the only legitimate government of China.<ref name="woo21" /> It seeks to prevent or reduce any formal recognition of the ROC as an independent sovereign state,<ref>{{cite book |last1=Huang |first1=Jing |title=Taiwan and China: Fitful Embrace |publisher=[[University of California Press]] |year=2017 |editor-last1=Dittmer |editor-first1=Lowell |edition=1st |pages=239–248 |chapter=Xi Jinping's Taiwan Policy: Boxing Taiwan In with the One-China Framework |jstor=10.1525/j.ctt1w76wpm |chapter-url=https://www.jstor.org/stable/10.1525/j.ctt1w76wpm.16}}</ref><ref>{{cite journal |last=Shattuck |first=Thomas J. |year=2020 |title=The Race to Zero?: China's Poaching of Taiwan's Diplomatic Allies |journal=[[Orbis (journal)|Orbis]] |volume=64 |issue=2 |pages=334–352 |doi=10.1016/j.orbis.2020.02.003 |pmc=7102519 |pmid=32292214}}</ref> meaning that Taiwan participates in many international forums as a non-state member under names such as "Chinese Taipei". The PRC suggested the "[[one country, two systems]]" employed in [[Hong Kong]] as a model for peaceful unification with Taiwan.<ref>{{cite journal|last=Chao|first=Chien-Min|year=1987|title="One Country, Two Systems": A Theoretical Analysis|journal=Asian Affairs: An American Review|volume=14|issue=2|pages=107–124|doi=10.1080/00927678.1987.10553643|jstor=30172037}}</ref><ref>{{cite journal|last=Lin|first=Gang|year=2016|title=Beijing's New Strategies toward a Changing Taiwan|journal=Journal of Contemporary China|volume=25|issue=99|pages=321–335|doi=10.1080/10670564.2015.1104863|s2cid=155357074|url=https://taiwan.sjtu.edu.cn/Beijing%E2%80%99s%20New%20Strategies%20toward%20a%20Changing%20Taiwan.pdf|access-date=17 December 2022|archive-date=17 December 2022|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20221217053049/https://taiwan.sjtu.edu.cn/Beijing%E2%80%99s%20New%20Strategies%20toward%20a%20Changing%20Taiwan.pdf|url-status=live}}</ref> While it aims for peaceful reunification, the PRC does not rule out the use of force.<ref name="scmp2014sep27">{{cite news|last1=Chung|first1=Lawrence|title='One country, two systems' right formula for Taiwan, Xi Jinping reiterates|url=http://www.scmp.com/news/china/article/1601307/one-country-two-systems-right-formula-taiwan-xi-jinping-reiterates?page=all|access-date=14 April 2015|work=South China Morning Post|date=27 September 2014|archive-date=12 April 2015|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150412121848/http://www.scmp.com/news/china/article/1601307/one-country-two-systems-right-formula-taiwan-xi-jinping-reiterates?page=all|url-status=live}}</ref><ref name="bbc21">{{cite news |title=China-Taiwan tensions: We will not bow to Beijing pressure, says leader |date=10 October 2021 |work=BBC News |publisher=BBC |url=https://www.bbc.com/news/world-asia-58860365 |access-date=10 October 2021 |archive-date=10 October 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211010044827/https://www.bbc.com/news/world-asia-58860365 |url-status=live }}</ref> The political environment is complicated by the potential for military conflict<ref name="mol21">{{cite news |last=Molloy |first=Shannon |date=13 October 2021 |title=Proof China has been practising for years for a war that would spark mass global conflict |url=https://www.news.com.au/technology/innovation/military/proof-china-has-been-practising-for-years-for-a-war-that-would-spark-mass-global-conflict/news-story/efe55679a42171268224ba89b084e386 |access-date=13 October 2021 |work=[[News.com.au]] |archive-date=13 October 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211013023546/https://www.news.com.au/technology/innovation/military/proof-china-has-been-practising-for-years-for-a-war-that-would-spark-mass-global-conflict/news-story/efe55679a42171268224ba89b084e386 |url-status=live }}</ref><ref name="mar21">{{cite news |title=U.S. Lawmakers' Visit to Taiwan Tests Detente With China |first=Peter |last=Martin |date=10 November 2021 |work=Bloomberg |url=https://www.bloomberg.com/news/articles/2021-11-09/u-s-lawmakers-visit-to-taiwan-inflames-tensions-with-china |url-access=limited |access-date=13 November 2021 |archive-date=12 November 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211112142048/https://www.bloomberg.com/news/articles/2021-11-09/u-s-lawmakers-visit-to-taiwan-inflames-tensions-with-china |url-status=live }}</ref><ref name="yn21">{{cite news |title='Inconceivable': Peter Dutton warns of major China move |author=Yahoo News Staff |date=13 November 2021 |work=Yahoo News |publisher=Yahoo |url=https://au.news.yahoo.com/inconceivable-australia-must-prepare-major-china-move-002430696.html |access-date=13 November 2021 |archive-date=13 November 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211113012155/https://au.news.yahoo.com/inconceivable-australia-must-prepare-major-china-move-002430696.html |url-status=live }}</ref> should events outlined in the PRC's [[Anti-Secession Law]] occur, such as Taiwan declaring ''[[de jure]]'' independence. There is a substantial military presence on the Fujian coast as well as PRC sorties into Taiwan's [[air defense identification zone]] (ADIZ).<ref>{{cite web|url=https://fas.org/nuke/guide/china/facility/liancheng.htm|title=Liancheng / Lianfeng Airbase&nbsp;– Chinese Military Forces|publisher=Federation of American Scientists|access-date=7 June 2009|quote=In March 2000 it was reported that the PLA Air Force was deploying new air-defense missiles [possibly batteries of Russian-made S-300 missiles] opposite Taiwan at the coastal cities of Xiamen and Shantou, and at Longtian, near Fuzhou.|archive-date=23 August 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210823122033/https://fas.org/nuke/guide/china/facility/liancheng.htm|url-status=live}}</ref><ref name=2004NatDefRpt>{{cite web |year=2004 |title=2004 National Defense Report |work=ROC Ministry of National Defense |url=https://china.usc.edu/sites/default/files/article/attachments/taiwan-2004-national-defense-report.pdf |access-date=27 November 2021 |archive-date=28 November 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211128012530/https://china.usc.edu/sites/default/files/article/attachments/taiwan-2004-national-defense-report.pdf |url-status=live }}</ref><ref name="srf21">{{cite news |date=5 October 2021 |title=Luftraumverletzungen in Taiwan: Es geht um Einschüchterung |trans-title=Airspace intrusion in Taiwan: It's about intimidation |url=https://www.srf.ch/news/international/militaerjets-aus-china-luftraumverletzungen-in-taiwan-es-geht-um-einschuechterung |access-date=10 October 2021 |work=[[Schweizer Radio und Fernsehen]] |language=DE-ch |archive-date=16 August 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240816172146/https://www.srf.ch/news/international/strategie-der-einschuechterung-chinesische-militaerjets-in-taiwans-luftraumueberwachungszone |url-status=live }}</ref>

====Participation in international events and organizations====
{{See also|Foreign relations of Taiwan#Relation with International organizations|Chinese Taipei}}

The ROC was a [[Member states of the United Nations#Original members|founding member of United Nations]], and held the [[China and the United Nations|seat of China]] on the [[United Nations Security Council|Security Council]] and other UN bodies until 1971, when it was expelled by Resolution 2758 and replaced with the PRC as the ROC now has neither official membership nor observer status in the organization. Since 1993, the ROC has petitioned the UN for entry, but its applications have not made it past committee stage.<ref>{{cite journal|last1=Hickey|first1=Dennis V.|date=1997|title=U.S. Policy and Taiwan's Bid to Rejoin the United Nations|journal=Asian Survey|volume=37|issue=11|pages=1031–1043|doi=10.2307/2645739|jstor=2645739 }}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.brookings.edu/opinions/taiwans-un-dilemma-to-be-or-not-to-be/|title=Taiwan's UN Dilemma: To Be or Not To Be|last1=Winkler|first1=Sigrid|website=The Brookings Institution|date=20 June 2012|access-date=16 November 2022|archive-date=31 March 2020|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200331180632/https://www.brookings.edu/opinions/taiwans-un-dilemma-to-be-or-not-to-be/|url-status=live}}</ref> Due to the [[One China]] policy, most [[Member states of the United Nations|UN member states]], including the United States, do not wish to discuss the issue of the ROC's political status for fear of souring diplomatic ties with the PRC.<ref>{{Cite news |last=Tkacik |first=John |url=http://www.taipeitimes.com/News/editorials/archives/2009/05/13/2003443455 |title=John Tkacik on Taiwan: Taiwan's 'undetermined' status |newspaper=Taipei Times |date=13 May 2009 |access-date=28 May 2009 |archive-date=2 May 2019 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190502100149/http://www.taipeitimes.com/News/editorials/archives/2009/05/13/2003443455 |url-status=live }}</ref>

The ROC government shifted its focus to organizations affiliated with the UN, as well as organizations outside the UN system.<ref>{{cite journal|last1=Li|first1=Chien-pin|date=2006|title=Taiwan's Participation in Inter-Governmental Organizations: An Overview of Its Initiatives|journal=Asian Survey|volume=46|issue=4|pages=597–614|doi=10.1525/as.2006.46.4.597|jstor=10.1525/as.2006.46.4.597|url=https://digitalcommons.kennesaw.edu/facpubs/34|access-date=19 September 2023|archive-date=24 September 2023|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230924055555/https://digitalcommons.kennesaw.edu/facpubs/34/|url-status=live}}</ref> The government sought to participate in the [[World Health Organization]] (WHO) since 1997,<ref>{{cite news|title=Minister Chiu leads our WHA delegation to actively hold bilateral talks with delegations from other nations. This event has been the most successful medical-related diplomatic record over the past years.|url=http://www.mohw.gov.tw/EN/CommonPages/DocPrint.aspx?doc_no=45250|access-date=27 January 2015|publisher=Ministry of Health and Welfare|date=18 June 2014|archive-date=10 February 2015|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150210005025/http://www.mohw.gov.tw/EN/CommonPages/DocPrint.aspx?doc_no=45250}}</ref><ref>{{cite news|title=ROC urges world public to support WHO bid|url=http://taiwaninfo.nat.gov.tw/ct.asp?xItem=19343&CtNode=103&htx_TRCategory=&mp=4|access-date=27 January 2015|work=Taiwan Info|date=3 May 2002|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150210015656/http://taiwaninfo.nat.gov.tw/ct.asp?xItem=19343&CtNode=103&htx_TRCategory=&mp=4|archive-date=10 February 2015}}</ref> their efforts were rejected until 2009, when they participated as an observer under the name "Chinese Taipei" after reaching an agreement with Beijing.<ref>{{cite news|url=https://www.reuters.com/article/idUSLI62888|title=Taiwan hopes WHO assembly will help boost its profile|last=Reid|first=Katie|work=Reuters|date=18 May 2009|access-date=11 June 2013|archive-date=15 October 2013|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131015040228/http://www.reuters.com/article/2009/05/18/idUSLI62888|url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{cite news|url=http://www.taiwantoday.tw/ct.asp?xitem=103148&ctnode=427&mp=9|title=Taiwan delegation to participate in WHA|newspaper=Taiwan Today|date=14 May 2010|access-date=2 January 2015|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120119091612/http://www.taiwantoday.tw/ct.asp?xitem=103148&ctnode=427&mp=9|archive-date=19 January 2012}}</ref> In 2017, Taiwan again began to be excluded from the WHO even in an observer capacity.<ref>{{cite web |last=David Green |date=18 May 2018 |title=WHO Bows to China Pressure, Contravenes Human Rights in Refusing Taiwan Media |url=https://international.thenewslens.com/article/95982 |access-date=31 March 2020 |website=international.thenewslens.com}}</ref> This exclusion caused a number of scandals during the [[COVID-19]] outbreak.<ref>{{cite web |last=Davidson|first=Helen|date=30 March 2020|title=Senior WHO adviser appears to dodge question on Taiwan's Covid-19 response|url=https://www.theguardian.com/world/2020/mar/30/senior-who-adviser-appears-to-dodge-question-on-taiwans-covid-19-response |work=The Guardian}}</ref><ref>{{cite news |last1=Blanchard |first1=Ben |title=Parties unite over Taiwan's exclusion from WHO anti-virus planning |url=https://www.reuters.com/article/us-china-health-taiwan/parties-unite-over-taiwans-exclusion-from-who-anti-virus-planning-idUSKBN1ZN0QG |work=Reuters |access-date=31 March 2020|date=24 January 2020 }}</ref>

[[File:Flag of Chinese Taipei for Olympic games.svg|thumb|The flag used by Taiwan at the Olympic Games, where it competes as "[[Chinese Taipei]]" ({{lang|zh-Hant-TW|中華台北}})|alt=A white symbol in shape of a five petal flower ringed by a blue and a red line. In its center stands a circular symbol depicting a white sun on a blue background. The five Olympic circles (blue, yellow, black, green and red) stand below it.]]
The [[Republic of China at the Olympics#Nagoya Resolution|Nagoya Resolution]] in 1979 approved by the [[International Olympic Committee]] (IOC) provided a compromise for the ROC to use the name "Chinese Taipei" in international events where the PRC is also a party, such as the [[Olympic Games]].<ref name="Brownell2007">{{cite web|last=Brownell|first=Susan|url=http://hnn.us/article/51398#sthash.04ZCBpL4.dpuf|title=Could China stop Taiwan from coming to the Olympic Games?|website=History News Network|date=14 June 2008|access-date=26 August 2014}}</ref><ref name="Lin">{{cite news |title=How 'Chinese Taipei' came about |author=Catherine K. Lin |url=http://www.taipeitimes.com/News/editorials/archives/2008/08/05/2003419446 |newspaper=Taipei Times |date=5 August 2008}}</ref><ref name="chinese-taipei">{{cite news |url=http://www.chinapost.com.tw/taiwan/china-taiwan%20relations/2008/07/25/167036/Taiwan-insists.htm |title=Taiwan insists on 'Chinese Taipei' |newspaper=China Post |date=25 July 2008 |access-date=28 May 2009 |archive-date=29 June 2017 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170629085958/http://www.chinapost.com.tw/taiwan/china-taiwan%20relations/2008/07/25/167036/Taiwan-insists.htm }}</ref> Under the IOC charter, [[Flag of the Republic of China|ROC flags]] cannot be flown at any official Olympic venue or gathering.<ref>{{Cite news |title=Taiwan flags in Salt Lake ruffle a few feelings |date=10 February 2002 |newspaper=The Deseret News |url=http://www.deseretnews.com/article/894748/Taiwan-flags-in-SL-ruffle-a-few-feelings.html |access-date=19 January 2012 |archive-date=8 October 2018 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20181008024953/https://www.deseretnews.com/article/894748/Taiwan-flags-in-SL-ruffle-a-few-feelings.html }}</ref> The ROC also participates in the [[Asia-Pacific Economic Cooperation]] forum (since 1991) and the [[World Trade Organization]] (since 2002) under the names "Chinese Taipei" and "Separate Customs Territory of Taiwan, Penghu, Kinmen and Matsu", respectively.<ref>{{cite journal|last=Chu|first=Ming-chin Monique|year=2016|title=No Need to Beg China? Taiwan's Membership of the Asia-Pacific Economic Cooperation as a Contested State|journal=The China Quarterly|volume=225|issue=225 |pages=169–189|doi=10.1017/S030574101500171X|jstor=24743040 |s2cid=155769358 |url=https://eprints.soton.ac.uk/381497/1/TW%2520membership%2520of%2520APEC%2520as%2520a%2520contested%2520state-Monique%2520Chu-author%2520manuscript.pdf }}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.wto.org/english/theWTO_e/countries_e/chinese_taipei_e.htm|title=Separate Customs Territory of Taiwan, Penghu, Kinmen and Matsu (Chinese Taipei) and the WTO|publisher=World Trade Organization|access-date=7 June 2009}}</ref> It was a founding member of the [[Asian Development Bank]], but since China's ascension in 1986 has participated under the name "Taipei, China". The ROC is able to participate as "China" in organizations in which the PRC does not participate, such as the [[World Organization of the Scout Movement]].

Due to its limited international recognition, the Republic of China has been a member of the [[Unrepresented Nations and Peoples Organization]] (UNPO) since the foundation of the organization in 1991, represented by a government-funded organization, the [[Taiwan Foundation for Democracy]] (TFD), under the name "Taiwan".<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.unpo.org/content/view/7908/146/ |title=Taiwan |publisher=UNPO |access-date=7 May 2009 |archive-date=23 December 2008 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20081223022541/http://www.unpo.org/content/view/7908/146/ |url-status=dead }}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.tfd.org.tw/english/about.php|title=About TFD|publisher=TFD|archive-date=18 March 2008|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080318204700/http://www.tfd.org.tw/english/about.php}}</ref>