Editing Sudan (section)

=== Sharia law ===

==== Under Nimeiri ====
{{Main|1983 September laws}}
In September 1983, President Jaafar Nimeiri introduced sharia law in Sudan, known as ''September laws'', symbolically disposing of alcohol and implementing [[hudud punishments]] like public amputations. Al-Turabi supported this move, differing from Al-Sadiq al-Mahdi's dissenting view. Al-Turabi and his allies within the regime also opposed self-rule in the south, a secular constitution, and non-Islamic cultural acceptance. One condition for national reconciliation was re-evaluating the [[Addis Ababa Agreement (1972)|1972 Addis Ababa Agreement]] that granted the [[Southern Sudan Autonomous Region (1972–1983)|south self-governance]], reflecting a failure to accommodate minority rights and leverage Islam's rejection of racism.<ref name=":02">{{Cite web |last=هدهود |first=محمود |date=15 April 2019 |title=تاريخ الحركة الإسلامية في السودان |url=https://www.ida2at.com/history-islamic-movement-sudan/ |access-date=30 August 2023 |website=إضاءات |language=ar |archive-date=28 August 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230828194009/https://www.ida2at.com/history-islamic-movement-sudan/ |url-status=dead }}</ref> The [[Islamic economics|Islamic economy]] followed in early 1984, eliminating interest and instituting [[zakat]]. Nimeiri declared himself the imam of the Sudanese Umma in 1984.<ref name=":5">{{cite journal |last1=Warburg |first1=Gabriel R. |title=The Sharia in Sudan: Implementation and Repercussions, 1983-1989 |journal=Middle East Journal |date=1990 |volume=44 |issue=4 |pages=624–637 |jstor=4328194 }}</ref>

==== Under al-Bashir ====
During the regime of Omar al-Bashir, the legal system in Sudan was based on Islamic [[Sharia law]]. The 2005 [[Comprehensive Peace Agreement|Naivasha Agreement]], ending the civil war between north and south Sudan, established some protections for non-Muslims in Khartoum. Sudan's application of Sharia law is geographically inconsistent.<ref>{{cite news |url=https://www.theguardian.com/commentisfree/2012/jun/06/sudan-sharia-legal-system|title=Sudan's haphazard Sharia legal system has claimed too many victims|newspaper=[[The Guardian]]|date=6 June 2012|last1=Malik|first1=Nesrine}}</ref>

[[Stoning]] was a judicial punishment in Sudan. Between 2009 and 2012, several women were sentenced to death by stoning.<ref>{{cite news |url=https://www.theguardian.com/world/2012/may/31/sudanese-woman-stoning-death-adultery|title=Sudanese woman sentenced to stoning death over adultery claims|newspaper=The Guardian|date=31 May 2012|last1=Smith|first1=David}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.ndtv.com/article/world/woman-faces-death-by-stoning-in-sudan-250603|title=Woman faces death by stoning in Sudan}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.voanews.com/a/a-13-2007-03-22-voa16/342334.html|title=Rights Group Protests Stoning of Women in Sudan|date=November 2009 }}</ref> [[Flogging]] was a legal punishment. Between 2009 and 2014, many people were sentenced to 40–100 lashes.<ref name="auto">{{Cite news|url=https://www.thestar.com/news/2009/09/06/woman_faces_40_lashes_for_wearing_trousers.html |title=Woman faces 40 lashes for wearing trousers|date=6 September 2009|newspaper=The Toronto Star|last1=Ross|first1=Oakland}}</ref><ref>{{cite news |url=https://www.theguardian.com/world/2014/may/15/sudanese-woman-married-christian-death-sentence-apostasy |title=Sudanese woman who married a non-Muslim sentenced to death|newspaper=The Guardian|date=15 May 2014|agency=Associated Press}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.sudanreliefund.com/sudan-pregnant-woman-sentenced-to-death-and-100-lashes-while-violence-continues-in-darfur-and-south-kordofan/|title=Pregnant woman sentenced to death and 100 lashes|access-date=28 September 2014|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150116183134/http://www.sudanreliefund.com/sudan-pregnant-woman-sentenced-to-death-and-100-lashes-while-violence-continues-in-darfur-and-south-kordofan/ |archive-date=16 January 2015|url-status=dead}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.tvcnews.tv/|title=TVCNEWS Home page|date=25 November 2018}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.sudantribune.com/spip.php?article52131|title=Detainee dies in custody in Port Sudan after court-ordered flogging – Sudan Tribune: Plural news and views on Sudan|website=www.sudantribune.com|access-date=11 April 2020|archive-date=7 August 2020|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200807161536/https://sudantribune.com/spip.php?article52131|url-status=dead}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.amnesty.org.uk/press-releases/sudan-pair-accused-kissing-face-40-lashes|title=Sudan: Pair accused of kissing face 40 lashes|website=www.amnesty.org.uk}}</ref> In August 2014, several Sudanese men died in custody after being flogged.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.sudantribune.com/spip.php?article52131|title=Detainee dies in custody in Port Sudan after court-ordered flogging|work=Sudan Tribune|access-date=21 September 2014|archive-date=24 August 2014|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140824003926/http://www.sudantribune.com/spip.php?article52131|url-status=dead}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.thejournal.ie/sudan-men-flogged-detained-died-1610871-Aug2014/|title=Two Sudanese men died after being detained and flogged 40 times each, says rights group|work=The Journal|date=8 August 2014 }}</ref><ref>{{cite news|url=https://news.yahoo.com/two-sudan-men-die-floggings-rights-group-144014252.html|title=Two Sudan men die after floggings: rights group |agency=Agence France-Presse}}</ref> 53 Christians were flogged in 2001.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.bgnews.com/sudanese-authorities-flog-christians-on-rioting-charges/article_7c0a61d8-dfa1-5262-937c-ad1d45263d7e.html|archive-url=https://archive.today/20150131190550/http://www.bgnews.com/sudanese-authorities-flog-christians-on-rioting-charges/article_7c0a61d8-dfa1-5262-937c-ad1d45263d7e.html|url-status=dead|archive-date=31 January 2015|title=Sudanese authorities flog 53 Christians on rioting charges|work=The BG News}}</ref> Sudan's [[Public Order Laws (Sudan)|public order law]] allowed police officers to publicly whip women who were accused of public indecency.<ref>{{Cite web |url=https://www.nydailynews.com/news/world/shocking-video-sudanese-woman-flogged-car-man-isn-family-member-article-1.1475162|title=Shocking video: Sudanese woman flogged for getting into car with man who isn't related to her |first=Carol|last=Kuruvilla|website=nydailynews.com|date=3 October 2013 }}</ref>

[[Crucifixion]] was also a legal punishment. In 2002, 88 people were sentenced to death for crimes relating to murder, armed robbery, and participating in ethnic clashes. [[Amnesty International]] wrote that they could be executed by either hanging or crucifixion.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://web.amnesty.org/library/index/ENGAFR540132002 |title=Sudan: Imminent Execution/Torture/Unfair trial |publisher=Amnesty International |date=17 July 2002 |access-date=19 December 2009 |archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20071203091152/http://web.amnesty.org/library/index/ENGAFR540132002|archive-date=3 December 2007 }}</ref>

[[International Court of Justice]] jurisdiction is accepted, though with reservations. Under the terms of the Naivasha Agreement, Islamic law did not apply in South Sudan.<ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.cia.gov/library/publications/the-world-factbook/fields/2100.html |title=Field Listing – Legal System |work=[[The World Factbook]] |publisher=US [[Central Intelligence Agency]] |date=n.d. |access-date=14 January 2011 |archive-date=26 December 2018 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20181226012138/https://www.cia.gov/library/publications/the-world-factbook/fields/2100.html |url-status=dead }}</ref> Since the secession of South Sudan there was some uncertainty as to whether Sharia law would apply to the non-Muslim minorities present in Sudan, especially because of contradictory statements by al-Bashir on the matter.<ref>{{cite news |url=https://www.bbc.co.uk/news/world-africa-12033185 |title= Sharia law to be tightened if Sudan splits – president |work=BBC News |date=19 December 2010 |access-date=4 October 2011}}</ref>

The judicial branch of the Sudanese government consists of a Constitutional Court of nine justices, the National Supreme Court, the Court of Cassation,<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.nydailynews.com/news/world/sudanese-woman-sentenced-death-christian-freed-court-article-1.1840177|title=Court frees Sudanese woman sentenced to death for being Christian|author=Michael Sheridan|date=23 June 2014|work=nydailynews.com}}</ref><!--and National Courts of Appeal,--> and other national courts; the National Judicial Service Commission provides overall management for the judiciary.

==== After al-Bashir ====
{{Main|2019–2024 Sudanese transition to democracy}}

Following the ousting of al-Bashir, the interim constitution signed in August 2019 contained no mention of Sharia law.<ref name="MOM 09-2020">{{cite web|url=https://www.middleeastmonitor.com/20200907-sudan-separates-religion-from-state-ending-30-years-of-islamic-rule/|title=Sudan separates religion from state ending 30 years of Islamic rule|date=7 September 2020}}</ref> As of 12 July 2020, Sudan abolished the apostasy law, public flogging and alcohol ban for non-Muslims. The draft of a new law was passed in early July. Sudan also criminalized [[female genital mutilation]] with a punishment of up to 3 years in jail.<ref>{{cite news|url=https://www.bbc.com/news/world-africa-53379733|title=Sudan scraps apostasy law and alcohol ban for non-Muslims|work=BBC News|date=12 July 2020|access-date=12 July 2020}}</ref> An accord between the transitional government and rebel group leadership was signed in September 2020, in which the government agreed to officially separate the state and religion, ending three decades of rule under Islamic law. It also agreed that no official state religion will be established.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://gulfnews.com/world/africa/sudan-ends-30-years-of-islamic-law-by-separating-religion-state-1.1599359147751|title=Sudan ends 30 years of Islamic law by separating religion, state|date=6 September 2020 }}</ref><ref name="MOM 09-2020"/><ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.firstpost.com/world/islamic-world-at-decisive-point-in-history-will-it-take-the-path-of-emirates-or-turkey-8789981.html|title=Islamic world at decisive point in history: Will it take the path of Emirates or Turkey?|date=6 September 2020}}</ref>