Editing Southeast Asia (section)

==Economy==
[[File:The port of Singapore.jpg|thumb|The [[Port of Singapore]] is the busiest [[transshipment]] and [[List of busiest container ports|container port]] in the world, and is an important transportation and shipping hub in Southeast Asia]]

Even prior to the penetration of European interests, Southeast Asia was a critical part of the world trading system. A wide range of commodities originated in the region, but especially important were spices such as pepper, ginger, cloves, and nutmeg. The spice trade initially was developed by Indian and Arab merchants, but it also brought Europeans to the region. First, [[Spain|Spaniards]] ([[Manila galleon]]) who sailed from the Americas and [[Kingdom of Portugal]], then the Dutch, and finally the British and French became involved in this enterprise in various countries. The penetration of European commercial interests gradually evolved into annexation of territories, as traders lobbied for an extension of control to protect and expand their activities. As a result, the Dutch moved into Indonesia, the British into [[Malay Peninsula|Malaya]] and parts of Borneo, the French into [[Indochina]], and the Spanish and the US into the Philippines. An economic effect of this imperialism was the shift in the production of commodities. For example, the rubber plantations of Malaysia, Java, Vietnam, and Cambodia, the tin mining of Malaya, the rice fields of the Mekong Delta in Vietnam, and the Irrawaddy River delta in Burma, were a response to the powerful market demands.<ref>{{cite book|author=Baten, Jörg |title=A History of the Global Economy. From 1500 to the Present|date=2016|publisher=Cambridge University Press|page=287|isbn=978-1-107-50718-0}}</ref>

The [[overseas Chinese]] community has played a large role in the development of the economies in the region. The origins of Chinese influence can be traced to the 16th century, when Chinese migrants from [[southern China]] settled in Indonesia, Thailand, and other Southeast Asian countries.<ref name="Weidenbaum2328">{{cite book |author=Murray L Weidenbaum |url=https://archive.org/details/bamboonetworkhow00weid/page/23 |title=The Bamboo Network: How Expatriate Chinese Entrepreneurs are Creating a New Economic Superpower in Asia |date=1 January 1996 |publisher=Martin Kessler Books, Free Press |isbn=978-0-684-82289-1 |pages=23–28 |url-access=registration}}</ref> Chinese populations in the region saw a rapid increase following the [[Communist Revolution]] in 1949, which forced many refugees to emigrate outside of China.<ref name="Weidenbaum">{{cite book|author=Murray L. Weidenbaum|title=The Bamboo Network: How Expatriate Chinese Entrepreneurs are Creating a New Economic Superpower in Asia|url=https://archive.org/details/bamboonetworkhow00weid/page/4|url-access=registration|date=1 January 1996|publisher=Martin Kessler Books, Free Press|isbn=978-0-684-82289-1|pages=4–8}}</ref>

In 2022, Malaysian petroleum industry through its oil and gas company, [[Petronas]], was ranked eighth in the world by the Brandirectory.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Oil & Gas 50 2022 {{!}} Brand Value Ranking League Table {{!}} Brandirectory |url=https://brandirectory.com/rankings/oil-and-gas/table |access-date=2023-02-07 |website=brandirectory.com |language=en}}</ref>

Seventeen telecommunications companies contracted to build the [[Asia-America Gateway]] submarine cable to connect Southeast Asia to the US<ref>{{cite web |author=Sean Yoong |title=17 Firms to Build $500M Undersea Cable |website=International Business Times |date=27 April 2007 |url=http://www.ibtimes.com/articles/20070427/malaysia-undersea-cable.htm |access-date=28 July 2007 |archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20070927042505/http://www.ibtimes.com/articles/20070427/malaysia-undersea-cable.htm |archive-date =27 September 2007}}</ref> This is to avoid disruption of the kind caused by the cutting of the undersea cable from Taiwan to the US in the [[2006 Hengchun earthquakes]].
[[File:2022 Proton Persona 1.6L Executive CVT.jpg|thumb|[[Proton Persona]] is one of the indigenously developed car model by Malaysian automobile manufacturer [[Proton Holdings|Proton]] ]]
Tourism has been a key factor in economic development for many Southeast Asian countries, especially Cambodia. According to UNESCO, "tourism, if correctly conceived, can be a tremendous development tool and an effective means of preserving the cultural diversity of our planet."<ref>[http://pub.unwto.org:81/WebRoot/Store/Shops/Infoshop/Products/1240/1240-1.pdf Background overview of The National Seminar on Sustainable Tourism Resource Management] {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120324004538/http://pub.unwto.org:81/WebRoot/Store/Shops/Infoshop/Products/1240/1240-1.pdf |date=24 March 2012 }}, Phnom Penh, 9–10 June 2003.</ref> Since the early 1990s, "even the non-ASEAN nations such as Cambodia, Laos, Vietnam and Burma, where the income derived from tourism is low, are attempting to expand their own tourism industries."<ref>Hitchcock, Michael, et al. Tourism in South-East Asia. New York: Routledge, 1993</ref> In 1995, Singapore was the regional leader in tourism receipts relative to GDP at over 8%. By 1998, those receipts had dropped to less than 6% of GDP while Thailand and Lao PDR increased receipts to over 7%. Since 2000, Cambodia has surpassed all other ASEAN countries and generated almost 15% of its GDP from tourism in 2006.<ref>WDI Online</ref> Furthermore, Vietnam is considered as a growing [[Power (international relations)|power]] in Southeast Asia due to its large foreign investment opportunities and the booming tourism sector.

By the early 21st century, [[Indonesia]] had grown to an [[emerging markets|emerging market]] economy, becoming the [[Economy of Indonesia|largest economy]] in the region. It was classified a [[newly industrialised country]] and is the region's singular member of the [[G20|G-20 major economies]].<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.g20.org/en/il-g20.html|title=About the G20|publisher=[[G20]]|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210111145853/https://www.g20.org/en/il-g20.html|archive-date=11 January 2021|language=en|access-date=27 January 2021}}</ref> Indonesia's estimated gross domestic product (GDP) for 2020 was US$1,088.8&nbsp;billion (nominal) or $3,328.3&nbsp;billion (PPP) with per capita GDP of US$4,038 (nominal) or $12,345 (PPP).<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.imf.org/external/datamapper/profile/IDN/WEO|title=Indonesia Datasets - World Economics Outlook (October 2020)|publisher=IMF|language=en|date=October 2020|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210127134832/https://www.imf.org/external/datamapper/profile/IDN/WEO|archive-date=27 January 2021|access-date=27 January 2021}}</ref> By GDP per capita in 2023, Singapore is the leading nation in the region with US$84,500 (nominal) or US$140,280 (PPP), followed by Brunei with US$41,713 (nominal) or US$79,408 (PPP) and Malaysia with US$13,942 (nominal) or    US$33,353 (PPP).<ref>{{Cite web |title=Report for Selected Countries and Subjects |url=https://www.imf.org/en/Publications/WEO/weo-database/2022/October/weo-report |access-date=2023-02-14 |website=IMF |language=en}}</ref> Besides that, Malaysia has the lowest cost of living in the region, followed by Brunei and Vietnam.<ref name="auto">{{Cite web |title=Mercer's 2020 Cost of Living Survey {{!}} Mercer ASEAN |url=https://www.asean.mercer.com/newsroom/mercer-2020-cost-of-living-survey-asean.html |access-date=2023-02-14 |website=www.asean.mercer.com |language=en |archive-date=14 February 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230214200327/https://www.asean.mercer.com/newsroom/mercer-2020-cost-of-living-survey-asean.html |url-status=dead }}</ref> On the contrary, Singapore is the costliest country in the region, followed by Thailand and the Philippines.<ref name="auto"/>

Stock markets in Southeast Asia have performed better than other bourses in the Asia-Pacific region in 2010, with the Philippines' [[PSE Composite Index|PSE]] leading the way with 22 per cent growth, followed by Thailand's [[SET Index|SET]] with 21 per cent and Indonesia's [[JSX Composite|JKSE]] with 19 per cent.<ref>{{cite news | url=https://www.reuters.com/article/idUSSGE68Q0BL20100927 | work=Reuters | title=SE Asia Stocks-Jakarta, Manila hit record highs, others firm | date=27 September 2010 | access-date=2 July 2017 | archive-date=2 December 2020 | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201202012019/https://www.reuters.com/article/idUSSGE68Q0BL20100927 | url-status=live }}</ref><ref>[http://www.mb.com.ph/articles/278869/bull-market-lifts-pse-index-top-rank-among-stock-exchanges-asia Bull Market Lifts PSE Index to Top Rank Among Stock Exchanges in Asia | Manila Bulletin]. Mb.com.ph (24 September 2010). Retrieved on 17 October 2011.</ref>

Southeast Asia's GDP per capita is US$4,685 according to a 2020 [[International Monetary Fund]] estimates, which is comparable to [[South Africa]], [[Iraq]], and [[Georgia (country)|Georgia]].<ref name=":12"/>

{| class="wikitable sortable"
|-
!Country
![[Currency]]
![[List of countries by population|Population]]<br />(2020)<ref name="Population"/><ref name="2020census">{{cite web|url=https://www.bps.go.id/website/materi_ind/materiBrsInd-20210121151046.pdf|page=9|publisher=Statistics Indonesia|title=Hasil Sensus Penduduk 2020|language=id|date=21 January 2021|access-date=21 January 2021|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210122154418/https://www.bps.go.id/website/materi_ind/materiBrsInd-20210121151046.pdf|archive-date=22 January 2021}}</ref>
![[List of countries by GDP (nominal)|Nominal GDP]]<br />(2020) $ billion<ref name=":02">{{cite web|url=https://www.imf.org/external/datamapper/NGDPD@WEO/OEMDC/ADVEC/WEOWORLD|title=World Economic Outlook (December 2020) – Nominal GDP|publisher=IMF|access-date=25 January 2021|archive-date=19 October 2019|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20191019141723/https://www.imf.org/external/datamapper/NGDPD@WEO/OEMDC/ADVEC/WEOWORLD|url-status=live}}</ref>
![[List of countries by GDP (nominal) per capita|GDP per capita]]<br />(2020)<ref name=":12">{{cite web|url=https://www.imf.org/external/datamapper/NGDPDPC@WEO/OEMDC/ADVEC/WEOWORLD|title=World Economic Outlook (December 2020) – Nominal GDP per capita|publisher=IMF|access-date=25 January 2021|archive-date=11 January 2020|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200111084550/https://www.imf.org/external/datamapper/NGDPDPC@WEO/OEMDC/ADVEC/WEOWORLD|url-status=live}}</ref>
![[Economic growth|GDP growth]]<br />(2020)<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.imf.org/external/datamapper/NGDP_RPCH@WEO/OEMDC/ADVEC/WEOWORLD|title=World Economic Outlook (December 2020) – Real GDP growth|publisher=IMF|access-date=25 January 2021|archive-date=14 November 2020|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201114112122/https://www.imf.org/external/datamapper/NGDP_RPCH@WEO/OEMDC/ADVEC/WEOWORLD|url-status=live}}</ref>
![[Inflation]]<br />(2020)<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.imf.org/external/datamapper/PCPIPCH@WEO/OEMDC/ADVEC/WEOWORLD|title=World Economic Outlook (December 2020) – Inflation rate, average consumer prices|publisher=IMF|access-date=25 January 2021|archive-date=14 November 2020|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201114112153/https://www.imf.org/external/datamapper/PCPIPCH@WEO/OEMDC/ADVEC/WEOWORLD|url-status=live}}</ref>
![[List of countries by GDP sector composition|Main industries]]
|-
|{{Country|Brunei}}
|'''B$''' [[Brunei dollar]]
| style="text-align:right" |437,479
| style="text-align:right" |$10.647
| style="text-align:right" |$23,117
| style="text-align:right" |0.1%
| style="text-align:right" |0.3%
|Petroleum, petrochemicals, fishing
|-
|{{Country|Cambodia}}
|'''៛''' [[Cambodian riel|Riel]] '''US$''' [[United States Dollar|US Dollar]]
| style="text-align:right" |16,718,965
| style="text-align:right" |$26.316
| style="text-align:right" |$1,572
| style="text-align:right" |-2.8%
| style="text-align:right" |2.5%
|Clothing, gold, agriculture
|-
|{{Country|Indonesia}}
|'''Rp''' [[Indonesian rupiah|Rupiah]]
| style="text-align:right" |270,203,917<ref name="2020census"/>
| style="text-align:right" |$1,088.768
| style="text-align:right" |$4,038
| style="text-align:right" |-1.5%
| style="text-align:right" |2.1%
|Coal, petroleum, palm oil
|-
|{{Country|Laos}}
|'''₭''' [[Lao kip|Kip]]
| style="text-align:right" |7,275,560
| style="text-align:right" |$18.653
| style="text-align:right" |$2,567
| style="text-align:right" |0.2%
| style="text-align:right" |6.5%
|Copper, electronics, Tin
|-
|{{Country|Malaysia}}
|'''RM''' [[Malaysian ringgit|Ringgit]]
| style="text-align:right" |32,365,999
| style="text-align:right" |$336.330
| style="text-align:right" |$10,192
| style="text-align:right" |-6%
| style="text-align:right" |-1.1%
|Electronics, petroleum, petrochemicals, palm oil, automotive
|-
|{{Country|Myanmar}}
|'''K''' [[Burmese kyat|Kyat]]
| style="text-align:right" |54,409,800
| style="text-align:right" |$70.890
| style="text-align:right" |$1,333
| style="text-align:right" |2%
| style="text-align:right" |6.1%
|Natural gas, agriculture, clothing
|-
|{{Country|Philippines}}
|'''₱''' [[Philippine peso|Peso]]
| style="text-align:right" |109,581,078
| style="text-align:right" |$367.362
| style="text-align:right" |$3,373
| style="text-align:right" |-8.3%
| style="text-align:right" |2.4%
|Electronics, timber, automotive
|-
|{{Country|Singapore}}
|'''S$''' [[Singapore dollar]]
| style="text-align:right" |5,850,342
| style="text-align:right" |$337.451
| style="text-align:right" |$58,484
| style="text-align:right" |-6%
| style="text-align:right" |-0.4%
|Electronics, petroleum, chemicals
|-
|{{Country|Thailand}}
|'''฿''' [[Thai baht|Baht]]
| style="text-align:right" |69,799,978
| style="text-align:right" |$509.200
| style="text-align:right" |$7,295
| style="text-align:right" |-7.1%
| style="text-align:right" |-0.4%
|Electronics, automotive, rubber
|-
|{{Country|Timor-Leste}}
|'''US$''' [[United States dollar|US dollar]]
| style="text-align:right" |1,318,445
| style="text-align:right" |$1.920
| style="text-align:right" |$1,456
| style="text-align:right" |-6.8%
| style="text-align:right" |0.9%
|Petroleum, coffee, electronics
|-
|{{Country|Vietnam}}
|'''₫''' [[Vietnamese đồng|Đồng]]
| style="text-align:right" |97,338,579
| style="text-align:right" |$340.602
| style="text-align:right" |$3,498
| style="text-align:right" |2.9%
| style="text-align:right" |3.8%
|Electronics, clothing, petroleum
|}