Editing Sociology of religion (section)

=== Religion and gender ===
Research reports presented that women are universally more religious across all religions and cultures based largely on the fact that researchers are studying Western religions and cultures. In United States, Women are 60% likely to claim that " religion is very important in their lives ", while men are reported only 47%.<ref name="doi.org">Kennedy, E. H., &amp; Dzialo, L. (2015). Locating gender in environmental sociology. Sociology Compass, 9(10), 920–929. https://doi.org/10.1111/soc4.12303</ref> Women attend religious services at least once a week are 12% higher than men in United States.

This phenomenon is explained by the Nature argument, Nurture argument and Role identity. According to the Nature arguments, [[Rational choice theory|rational choice]] theorists argue that higher level of religiosity among women derives from [[Risk aversion (psychology)|risk-aversion]].<ref name="Hjelm, T. 2019">Hjelm, T. (2019). Rethinking the theoretical base of Peter L. Berger’s sociology of religion: Social construction, power, and discourse. Critical Research on Religion, 7(3), 223–236. https://doi.org/10.1177/2050303219874392</ref> Rational choice theory argues that people naturally minimise costs and maximise benefits for themselves. Women are " typically risk-averse", therefore they will be more inclined towards practicing religion. According to the Nurture argument, Marta Trzebiatowska and Steve Bruce claimed that " nothing in the biological make-up of men and women explains the gendered difference in religiosity", the difference are better explained by a range of [[Socialization|socialisation]] process.<ref name="Pope, C. 2007">Pope, C., &amp; Crow, G. (2007). Editorial foreword: What use is an editor? Sociology, 41(3), 397–399. https://doi.org/10.1177/0038038507076613</ref> Example used are women's major role in family, childbirth, and death. These events keeps them "closer to religion than man".

Marta Trzebiatowska and Steve Bruce argued there has been a time lag in how [[Secularization|secularisation]] has affected men and women. As more and more women enter the work force, the religious gender gap is expected to disappear. Persuasive evidence across countries suggests that the gender gap can be explained in part by male and female identified role inside and outside of family and work. Women who work are more likely to feel they need to conform to the dominant secular ethos. Women who are at home focus on raising children and caring for sick and elderly family members which encourages stronger religious commitment.

Some religions are gendered social institution. Traditionalist [[Evangelicalism|evangelicals]] present that wifely submission- wives should defer their husbands in family decision-making.<ref name="Seale, C. 2008">Seale, C., &amp; Charteris-Black, J. (2008). The interaction of class and gender in illness narratives. Sociology, 42(3), 453–469. https://doi.org/10.1177/0038038508088835</ref> Evangelical women, rather, claimed the weakness in men proves that both wife and husband should hold mutual submission.Both spouses follow Christ's model of self-sacrifice and an orientation to the other person in family decision-making.