Editing Socialism (section)

=== Libertarian socialism ===
{{main|Libertarian socialism}}
[[File:Le libertaire 25.png|thumb|left|upright|The first anarchist journal to use the term ''[[libertarian]]'' was ''[[Le Libertaire]], Journal du Mouvement Social'', published in New York City between 1858 and 1861 by French [[libertarian communist]] [[Joseph Déjacque]],<ref name="theanarchistlibrary">{{cite web |url=http://www.theanarchistlibrary.org/HTML/The_Anarchist_FAQ_Editorial_Collective__150_years_of_Libertarian.html |title=150 years of Libertarian |website=theanarchistlibrary.org}}</ref> the first recorded person to describe himself as ''libertarian.''<ref name="Dejacque">Joseph Déjacque, [http://joseph.dejacque.free.fr/ecrits/lettreapjp.htm De l'être-humain mâle et femelle – Lettre à P.J. Proudhon par Joseph Déjacque] (in French)</ref>]]
Libertarian socialism, sometimes called [[left-libertarianism]],<ref>{{cite book |last1=Bookchin |first1=Murray |author1-link=Murray Bookchin |first2=Janet |last2=Biehl |author2-link=Janet Biehl |title=The Murray Bookchin Reader |publisher=Cassell |date=1997 |page=170 |isbn=0304338737}}</ref><ref>{{cite book |last1=Hicks |first1=Steven V. |first2=Daniel E. |last2=Shannon |title=The American journal of economics and sociology |publisher=[[Blackwell Publishing]] |date=2003 |page=612}}</ref> [[social anarchism]]<ref name="Ostergaard 1991. p. 21">{{cite encyclopedia |author-link=Geoffrey Ostergaard |last=Ostergaard |first=Geoffrey |title=Anarchism |dictionary=A Dictionary of Marxist Thought |publisher=[[Blackwell Publishing]] |date=1991 |page=21}}</ref><ref name="Noam Chomsky 2004, p. 739">Chomsky, Noam (2004). ''Language and Politics''. In Otero, Carlos Peregrín. [[AK Press]]. p. 739</ref> and [[socialist libertarianism]],<ref>Miller, Wilbur R. (2012). ''The social history of crime and punishment in America. An encyclopedia.'' 5 vols. London: [[Sage Publications]]. p. 1007. {{ISBN|1412988764}}. "There exist three major camps in libertarian thought: right-libertarianism, socialist libertarianism, and ..."</ref> is an [[anti-authoritarian]], [[anti-statist]] and [[libertarian]]<ref>"It implies a classless and anti-authoritarian (i.e. libertarian) society in which people manage their own affairs" [http://www.infoshop.org/AnarchistFAQSectionI1#sthash.40vnyElp.dpuf I.1 Isn't libertarian socialism an oxymoron?] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20171116212712/http://www.infoshop.org/AnarchistFAQSectionI1#sthash.40vnyElp.dpuf|date=16 November 2017}} at An Anarchist FAQ</ref> tradition within socialism that rejects centralised state ownership and control<ref>"unlike other socialists, they tend to see (to various different degrees, depending on the thinker) to be skeptical of centralised state intervention as the solution to capitalist exploitation..." Roderick T. Long. "Toward a libertarian theory of class." ''Social Philosophy and Policy''. Volume 15. Issue 02. Summer 1998. Pg. 305</ref> including criticism of [[wage labour]] relationships ([[wage slavery]])<ref>"Therefore, rather than being an oxymoron, "libertarian socialism" indicates that true socialism must be libertarian and that a libertarian who is not a socialist is a phoney. As true socialists oppose wage labour, they must also oppose the state for the same reasons. Similarly, libertarians must oppose wage labour for the same reasons they must oppose the state." [http://www.infoshop.org/AnarchistFAQSectionI1 "I1. Isn't libertarian socialism an oxymoron"]. {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20171116212712/http://www.infoshop.org/AnarchistFAQSectionI1|date=16 November 2017}}. In ''An Anarchist FAQ''.</ref> as well as the state itself.<ref name=":0">"So, libertarian socialism rejects the idea of state ownership and control of the economy, along with the state as such. Through workers' self-management it proposes to bring an end to authority, exploitation, and hierarchy in production." [http://www.infoshop.org/AnarchistFAQSectionI1 "I1. Isn't libertarian socialism an oxymoron" in] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20171116212712/http://www.infoshop.org/AnarchistFAQSectionI1|date=16 November 2017}} An Anarchist FAQ</ref> It emphasises [[workers' self-management]] and [[Libertarian socialist decentralization|decentralised]] structures of political organisation.<ref name=":0"/><ref>" ...preferring a system of popular self governance via networks of decentralized, local voluntary, participatory, cooperative associations. Roderick T. Long. "Toward a libertarian theory of class." ''Social Philosophy and Policy''. Volume 15. Issue 02. Summer 1998. Pg. 305</ref> Libertarian socialism asserts that a society based on freedom and equality can be achieved through abolishing authoritarian institutions that control production.<ref>Mendes, Silva. ''Socialismo Libertário ou Anarchismo'' Vol. 1 (1896): "Society should be free through mankind's spontaneous federative affiliation to life, based on the community of land and tools of the trade; meaning: Anarchy will be equality by abolition of [[private property]] (while retaining respect for [[personal property]]) and [[liberty]] by abolition of [[authority]]".</ref> Libertarian socialists generally prefer [[direct democracy]] and [[Federalism#Federalism as the anarchist and libertarian socialist mode of political organization|federal]] or [[confederal]] associations such as [[libertarian municipalism]], [[citizens' assemblies]], trade unions and [[workers' council]]s.<ref>"...preferring a system of popular self governance via networks of decentralized, local, voluntary, participatory, cooperative associations-sometimes as a complement to and check on state power..."</ref><ref>{{cite book |last=Rocker |first=Rudolf |title=Anarcho-Syndicalism: Theory and Practice |page=65 |year=2004 |publisher=[[AK Press]] |isbn=978-1902593920}}</ref>

Anarcho-syndicalist [[Gaston Leval]] explained:

{{Blockquote|We therefore foresee a Society in which all activities will be coordinated, a structure that has, at the same time, sufficient flexibility to permit the greatest possible autonomy for social life, or for the life of each enterprise, and enough cohesiveness to prevent all disorder. ... In a well-organised society, all of these things must be systematically accomplished by means of parallel federations, vertically united at the highest levels, constituting one vast organism in which all economic functions will be performed in solidarity with all others and that will permanently preserve the necessary cohesion".<ref>Leval, Gaston (1959). [https://libcom.org/library/libertarian-socialism-practical-outline-gaston-leval "Libertarian Socialism: A Practical Outline"]. Libcom.org. Retrieved 22 August 2020.</ref>}}

All of this is typically done within a general call for [[Liberty|libertarian]]<ref>{{cite journal |quote=LibSoc share with LibCap an aversion to any interference to freedom of thought, expression or choice of lifestyle. |first=Roderick T. |last=Long |title=Toward a libertarian theory of class |journal=Social Philosophy and Policy |volume=15 |issue=2 |date=Summer 1998 |page=305 |doi=10.1017/S0265052500002028 |s2cid=145150666}}</ref> and [[Voluntaryism|voluntary]] [[Free association (communism and anarchism)|free associations]]<ref>"What is implied by the term 'libertarian socialism'?: The idea that socialism is first and foremost about freedom and therefore about overcoming the domination, repression, and alienation that block the free flow of human creativity, thought, and action...An approach to socialism that incorporates cultural revolution, women's and children's liberation, and the critique and transformation of daily life, as well as the more traditional concerns of socialist politics. A politics that is completely revolutionary because it seeks to transform all of reality. We do not think that capturing the economy and the state lead automatically to the transformation of the rest of social being, nor do we equate liberation with changing our life-styles and our heads. Capitalism is a total system that invades all areas of life: socialism must be the overcoming of capitalist reality in its entirety, or it is nothing." "What is Libertarian Socialism?" by Ulli Diemer. Volume 2, Number 1 (Summer 1997 issue) of ''The Red Menace''.</ref> through the identification, criticism and practical dismantling of illegitimate authority in all aspects of human life.<ref name="auto">{{cite book |last=Goldman |first=Emma |title=[[Anarchism and Other Essays]] |chapter=What it Really Stands for Anarchy |quote=Anarchism, then, really stands for the liberation of the human mind from the dominion of religion; the liberation of the human body from the dominion of property; liberation from the shackles and restraint of government. Anarchism stands for a social order based on the free grouping of individuals for the purpose of producing real social wealth; an order that will guarantee to every human being free access to the earth and full enjoyment of the necessities of life, according to individual desires, tastes, and inclinations. |author-link=Emma Goldman}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |title=The Soviet Union Versus Socialism |url=http://chomsky.info/1986____/ |website=chomsky.info |access-date=22 November 2015 |quote=Libertarian socialism, furthermore, does not limit its aims to democratic control by producers over production, but seeks to abolish all forms of domination and hierarchy in every aspect of social and personal life, an unending struggle, since progress in achieving a more just society will lead to new insight and understanding of forms of oppression that may be concealed in traditional practice and consciousness. |archive-url= |archive-date=}}</ref>{{sfnp|McLaughlin|2007|p=1|ps= "Authority is defined in terms of the right to exercise social control (as explored in the "sociology of power") and the correlative duty to obey (as explored in the "philosophy of practical reason"). Anarchism is distinguished, philosophically, by its scepticism towards such moral relations—by its questioning of the claims made for such normative power—and, practically, by its challenge to those "authoritative" powers which cannot justify their claims and which are therefore deemed illegitimate or without moral foundation."}}

As part of the larger socialist movement, it seeks to distinguish itself from Bolshevism, Leninism and Marxism–Leninism as well as social democracy.<ref>{{cite book |quote=It is forgotten that the early defenders of commercial society like [Adam] Smith were as much concerned with criticising the associational blocks to mobile labour represented by guilds as they were to the activities of the state. The history of socialist thought includes a long associational and anti-statist tradition prior to the political victory of the Bolshevism in the east and varieties of Fabianism in the west. |first=John |last=O'Neil |title=The Market: Ethics, knowledge and politics |publisher=[[Routledge]] |date=1998 |page=3}}</ref> Past and present political philosophies and movements commonly described as libertarian socialist include [[anarchism]] ([[anarcho-communism]], [[anarcho-syndicalism]],<ref>{{Cite book |last1=Guérin |first1=Daniel |title=Anarchism: From Theory to Practice |last2=Chomsky |first2=Noam |last3=Klopper |first3=Mary |date=1970-01-01 |publisher=Monthly Review Press |year=1970 |isbn=978-0-85345-175-4 |edition=1st |location=New York}}</ref> [[collectivist anarchism]], [[individualist anarchism]]<ref>"[[Benjamin Tucker|(Benjamin) Tucker]] referred to himself many times as a socialist and considered his philosophy to be "Anarchistic socialism." ''An Anarchist FAQ'' by Various Authors</ref><ref>French individualist anarchist Émile Armand shows clearly opposition to capitalism and centralised economies when he said that the individualist anarchist "inwardly he remains refractory—fatally refractory—morally, intellectually, economically (The capitalist economy and the directed economy, the speculators and the fabricators of single are equally repugnant to him.)"[http://www.spaz.org/~dan/individualist-anarchist/library/emile-armand/life-activity.html "Anarchist Individualism as a Life and Activity" by Emile Armand]</ref><ref>Anarchist Peter Sabatini reports that in the United States "of early to mid-19th century, there appeared an array of communal and "utopian" counterculture groups (including the so-called free love movement). William Godwin's anarchism exerted an ideological influence on some of this, but more so the socialism of Robert Owen and Charles Fourier. After success of his British venture, Owen himself established a cooperative community within the United States at New Harmony, Indiana during 1825. One member of this commune was Josiah Warren (1798–1874), considered to be the first individualist anarchist"[http://www.theanarchistlibrary.org/HTML/Peter_Sabatini__Libertarianism__Bogus_Anarchy.html Peter Sabatini. "Libertarianism: Bogus Anarchy"]</ref> and [[Mutualism (economic theory)|mutualism]]),<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.mutualist.org/id32.html |title=A.4. Are Mutalists Socialists? |website=mutualist.org |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090609075437/http://www.mutualist.org/id32.html |archive-date=9 June 2009}}</ref> [[autonomism]], [[Communalism (Bookchin)|Communalism]], participism, [[libertarian Marxism]] ([[council communism]] and [[Luxemburgism]]),<ref>{{cite book |first=Murray |last=Bookchin |author-link=Murray Bookchin |title=Ghost of Anarcho-Syndicalism}}</ref><ref name="Graham-2005">{{cite book |author-link=Robert Graham (historian) |first=Robert |last=Graham |title=The General Idea of Proudhon's Revolution}}</ref> [[revolutionary syndicalism]] and [[utopian socialism]] ([[Fourierism]]).<ref>Kent Bromley, in his preface to Peter Kropotkin's book ''The Conquest of Bread'', considered early French utopian socialist Charles Fourier to be the founder of the libertarian branch of socialist thought, as opposed to the authoritarian socialist ideas of [François-Noël] Babeuf and [Philippe] Buonarroti." [[Kropotkin, Peter]]. ''The Conquest of Bread'', preface by Kent Bromley, New York and London, G.P. Putnam's Sons, 1906.</ref>