Editing Seizure (section)

=== Long-term management of epilepsy ===
{{See also|Epilepsy#Management}}
Long-term management applies to individuals diagnosed with epilepsy. The goals are seizure control, minimizing adverse effects, and optimizing quality of life.'''<ref name="Abou-Khalil2022" />'''

It is recommended to start with one anti-seizure medication.<ref name="Abou-Khalil2022" /><ref name="Liu2017" /> Another may be added if one is not enough to control the seizure occurrence.<ref name="Liu2017" /> Approximately 70% of people can obtain full control with continuous use of medication.<ref name="WHO2012">{{cite web |date=October 2012 |title=Epilepsy |url=https://www.who.int/mediacentre/factsheets/fs999/en/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160311001129/http://www.who.int/mediacentre/factsheets/fs999/en/ |archive-date=11 March 2016 |access-date=24 January 2013 |series=Fact Sheets |publisher=[[World Health Organization]]}}</ref> The type of medication used is based on the type of seizure.<ref name="Abou-Khalil2022" /><ref name="Liu2017" />

Anti-seizure medications may be slowly stopped after a period of time if a person has just experienced one seizure and has not had any more.<ref name="Abou-Khalil2022" /> The decision to stop anti-seizure medications should be discussed between the doctor and patient, weighing the benefits and risks.

In severe cases where seizures are uncontrolled by at least two anti-seizure medications, brain surgery can be a treatment option.<ref name="Abou-Khalil2022" /><ref name="Liu2017" /> Epilepsy surgery is especially useful for those with focal seizures where the seizures are coming from a specific part of the brain.<ref name="Liu2017">{{Cite journal |last1=Liu |first1=Gerald |last2=Slater |first2=Nicole |last3=Perkins |first3=Allen |date=2017-07-15 |title=Epilepsy: Treatment Options |url=https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/28762701 |journal=American Family Physician |volume=96 |issue=2 |pages=87–96 |issn=1532-0650 |pmid=28762701}}</ref> The amount of brain removed during the surgery depends on the extent of the brain involved in the seizures. It can range from just removing one lobe of the brain ([[Anterior temporal lobectomy|temporal lobectomy]]) to disconnecting an entire side of the brain ([[hemispherectomy]]).<ref name="Abou-Khalil2022" /> The procedure can be curative, where seizures are eliminated.<ref name="Abou-Khalil2022" /> However, if it is not curative, it can be palliative, reducing the frequency of seizures but not eliminating them.<ref>{{Cite journal |last=Matern |first=Tyson S. |last2=DeCarlo |first2=Rebecca |last3=Ciliberto |first3=Michael A. |last4=Singh |first4=Rani K. |year=2021 |title=Palliative Epilepsy Surgery Procedures in Children |url=https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/34620461 |journal=Seminars in Pediatric Neurology |volume=39 |pages=100912 |doi=10.1016/j.spen.2021.100912 |issn=1558-0776 |pmid=34620461 |via=PubMed}}</ref>

==== Other ====
Helmets may be used to provide protection to the head during a seizure. Some claim that [[seizure response dog]]s, a form of [[service dog]], can predict seizures.<ref name=Doh2007/> Evidence for this, however, is poor.<ref name=Doh2007>{{cite journal | vauthors = Doherty MJ, Haltiner AM | title = Wag the dog: skepticism on seizure alert canines | journal = Neurology | volume = 68 | issue = 4 | pages = 309 | date = January 2007 | pmid = 17242343 | doi = 10.1212/01.wnl.0000252369.82956.a3 | s2cid = 33328776 | citeseerx = 10.1.1.1003.1543 }}</ref> [[cannabis (drug)|Cannabis]] has also been used for the management of seizures that do not respond to anti-seizure medications. Research on its effectiveness is ongoing, but current research shows that it does reduce seizure frequency.<ref>{{Cite journal |last1=Lattanzi |first1=Simona |last2=Trinka |first2=Eugen |last3=Striano |first3=Pasquale |last4=Rocchi |first4=Chiara |last5=Salvemini |first5=Sergio |last6=Silvestrini |first6=Mauro |last7=Brigo |first7=Francesco |year=2021 |title=Highly Purified Cannabidiol for Epilepsy Treatment: A Systematic Review of Epileptic Conditions Beyond Dravet Syndrome and Lennox–Gastaut Syndrome |journal=CNS Drugs |language=en |volume=35 |issue=3 |pages=265–281 |doi=10.1007/s40263-021-00807-y |pmc=8005394 |pmid=33754312 }}</ref><ref>{{Cite journal |last1=Elliott |first1=Jesse |last2=DeJean |first2=Deirdre |last3=Clifford |first3=Tammy |last4=Coyle |first4=Doug |last5=Potter |first5=Beth K. |last6=Skidmore |first6=Becky |last7=Alexander |first7=Christine |last8=Repetski |first8=Alexander E. |last9=Shukla |first9=Vijay |last10=McCoy |first10=Bláthnaid |last11=Wells |first11=George A. |year=2020 |title=Cannabis-based products for pediatric epilepsy: An updated systematic review |url=https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/31865133 |journal=Seizure |volume=75 |pages=18–22 |doi=10.1016/j.seizure.2019.12.006 |issn=1532-2688 |pmid=31865133 |via=PubMed}}</ref> A [[ketogenic diet]] or [[modified Atkins diet]] may help in those who have epilepsy who do not improve following typical treatments, with evidence for its effectiveness growing.<ref>{{cite journal |last1=Martin-McGill |first1=Kirsty J. |last2=Bresnahan |first2=Rebecca |last3=Levy |first3=Robert G. |last4=Cooper |first4=Paul N. |title=Ketogenic diets for drug-resistant epilepsy |journal=The Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews |date=24 June 2020 |volume=2020 |issue=6 |pages=CD001903 |doi=10.1002/14651858.CD001903.pub5 |pmid=32588435 |pmc=7387249 |issn=1469-493X}}</ref><ref>{{Cite journal |last1=Devi |first1=Nagita |last2=Madaan |first2=Priyanka |last3=Kandoth |first3=Nidhun |last4=Bansal |first4=Dipika |last5=Sahu |first5=Jitendra Kumar |year=2023 |title=Efficacy and Safety of Dietary Therapies for Childhood Drug-Resistant Epilepsy: A Systematic Review and Network Meta-analysis |journal=JAMA Pediatrics |language=en |volume=177 |issue=3 |pages=258–266 |doi=10.1001/jamapediatrics.2022.5648 |pmc=9887534 |pmid=36716045 }}</ref>