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== References == {{Reflist|refs= <ref name="britannica">{{cite encyclopedia|last = Sterling|first = Bruce|title = Science Fiction|encyclopedia = [[Encyclopædia Britannica]]|date = 17 January 2019|url = https://www.britannica.com/art/science-fiction|access-date = 5 April 2019|archive-date = 29 January 2012|archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20120129110126/http://www.britannica.com/EBchecked/topic/528857/science-fiction/235713/The-evolution-of-science-fiction|url-status = live}}</ref> <!-- <ref name="con activities">{{cite web |url=http://www.watt-evans.com/whataresfconventionslike.html |title=What Are Science Fiction Conventions Like? |author=Lawrence Watt-Evans |date=15 March 1988 |access-date=17 January 2007 |archive-date=25 April 2015 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150425040114/http://www.watt-evans.com/whataresfconventionslike.html |url-status=live }}</ref> --> <ref name="encounters">[[Jonathan Lethem|Lethem, Jonathan]] (1998), "Close Encounters: The Squandered Promise of Science Fiction", ''Village Voice'', June. Also reprinted in a slightly expanded version under the title "Why Can't We All Live Together?: A Vision of Genre Paradise Lost" in the ''[[New York Review of Science Fiction]]'', September 1998, Number 121, Vol 11, No. 1.</ref> <ref name="encyclopedia3">Elyce Rae Helford, in Westfahl, Gary. ''The Greenwood Encyclopedia of Science Fiction and Fantasy'': Greenwood Press, 2005: 289–290.</ref> <!--<ref name="fan awards">{{cite web |url=http://www.wsfs.org/hc.html |title=Hugo Awards by Category |publisher=World Science Fiction Society |date=26 July 2006 |access-date=17 January 2007 }}</ref>--> <ref name="fan clubhouse">{{cite journal |title=Is Your Club Dead Yet? |first=Mike |last=Glyer |journal=File 770 |date=November 1998 |url=https://file770.com/is-your-club-dead-yet/ }}</ref> <ref name="fancyclopedia con">{{cite web |url=http://fanac.org/Fannish_Reference_Works/Fancyclopedia/Fancyclopedia_I/c.html |title=Fancyclopedia I: C – Cosmic Circle |publisher=fanac.org |date=12 August 1999 |access-date=17 January 2007 |archive-date=12 September 2015 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150912074341/http://www.fanac.org/Fannish_Reference_Works/Fancyclopedia/Fancyclopedia_I/c.html |url-status=live }}</ref> <!-- <ref name="fandom def">{{cite web |author = von Thorn, Alexander |title = Aurora Award acceptance speech |url=https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=LO7p4geRW6k |location = Calgary, Alberta |date=August 2002 |via=[[YouTube]]}}</ref> --> <ref name="fanzine history">{{cite book |last=Wertham |first=Fredric|author-link=Fredric Wertham |title=The World of Fanzines |publisher=Carbondale & Evanston: Southern Illinois University Press |year=1973 }}</ref> <ref name="first fanzine">{{cite web |url=http://www.fiawol.demon.co.uk/biblio/ |title=British Fanzine Bibliography |first=Rob |last=Hansen |date=13 August 2003 |access-date=17 January 2007 |archive-date=22 March 2015 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150322132834/http://www.fiawol.demon.co.uk/biblio/ |url-status=live }}</ref> <ref name="gibson cyber">{{cite book |url=http://www.stanford.edu/class/history34q/readings/Cyberspace/HaywardSituatingCyberspace.html |title=Future Visions: New Technologies of the Screen |first=Philip |last=Hayward |pages=180–204 |publisher=British Film Institute |year=1993 |access-date=17 January 2007 |archive-date=21 February 2007 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20070221203216/http://www.stanford.edu/class/history34q/readings/Cyberspace/HaywardSituatingCyberspace.html |url-status=live }}</ref> <ref name="google">{{cite book|last = Card|first = O.|title = Ender's Game|chapter-url = https://books.google.com/books?id=Z5QtUpmbcDwC&pg=PR11|chapter = Introduction|publisher = Macmillan|date = 2006|isbn = 978-0-7653-1738-4|url-access = registration|url = https://archive.org/details/endersgame00card}}</ref> <ref name="guardian4">{{cite web|last = Barnett|first = David|url = https://www.theguardian.com/books/booksblog/2009/jan/28/science-fiction-genre|title = Science fiction: the genre that dare not speak its name|work = The Guardian|location = London|date = 28 January 2009|access-date = 13 December 2016|archive-date = 12 August 2016|archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20160812022313/https://www.theguardian.com/books/booksblog/2009/jan/28/science-fiction-genre|url-status = live}}</ref> <ref name="harpercollins">[[Ursula K. Le Guin|Le Guin, Ursula K.]] (1976) "Science Fiction and Mrs Brown", in ''The Language of the Night: Essays on Fantasy and Science Fiction'', Perennial HarperCollins, Revised edition 1993; in ''Science Fiction at Large'' (ed. Peter Nicholls), Gollancz, London, 1976; in ''Explorations of the Marvellous'' (ed. Peter Nicholls), Fontana, London, 1978; in ''Speculations on Speculation. Theories of Science Fiction'' (eds. [[James Gunn (author)|James Gunn]] and Matthew Candelaria), The Scarecrow Press, Inc. Maryland, 2005.</ref> <!--<ref name="hartwell soft def">{{cite book |url=http://www.tor.com/sampleAgeofWonders.html |title=Age of Wonders |last=Hartwell |first=David G. |publisher=Tor Books |date=August 1996 |access-date=17 January 2007 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20070321144608/http://www.tor.com/sampleAgeofWonders.html |archive-date=21 March 2007}}</ref>--> <ref name="heinlein def">{{cite conference |chapter=Science Fiction: Its Nature, Faults and Virtues |book-title=The Science Fiction Novel: Imagination and Social Criticism |publisher=Advent Publishers |last=Heinlein |first=Robert A. |author2=Cyril Kornbluth |author3=Alfred Bester |author4=Robert Bloch |year=1959 |location=University of Chicago }}</ref> <ref name="How to Write Science Fiction and Fantasy">{{cite book | last = Card | first = Orson Scott | title = How to Write Science Fiction and Fantasy | publisher = Writer's Digest Books | year = 1990 | page = [https://archive.org/details/howtowritescienc00card/page/17 17] | isbn = 978-0-89879-416-8 | url = https://archive.org/details/howtowritescienc00card/page/17 }}</ref> <ref name="In Search of Wonder: Essays on Modern Science Fiction">{{cite book | last = Knight | first =Damon Francis | title = In Search of Wonder: Essays on Modern Science Fiction | url = https://archive.org/details/insearchofwonder00knig | url-access = registration | publisher = Advent Publishing | year =1967 | page = xiii | isbn = 978-0-911682-31-1 }}</ref> <ref name="introduction">Bennett, An Introduction, ix–xi, 120–21; Schor, Introduction to ''Cambridge Companion'', 1–5; Seymour, 548–61.</ref> <ref name="nicholls sf">{{cite encyclopedia |title="SF" (article by Peter Nicholls) |encyclopedia=Encyclopedia of Science Fiction |first=John | last=Clute | editor=Nicholls, Peter |publisher=Orbit/Time Warner Book Group UK |year=1993}}</ref> <ref name="NSF">{{cite report|publisher=[[National Science Foundation]], Division of Science Resources Statistics |chapter-url=https://www.nsf.gov/statistics/seind02/c7/c7s5.htm |chapter=Science and Technology: Public Attitudes and Public Understanding. Science Fiction and Pseudoscience |title=Science and Engineering Indicators–2002 |location=Arlington, VA |id=NSB 02-01 |date=April 2002 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160616181809/http://www.nsf.gov/statistics/seind02/c7/c7s5.htm |archive-date=16 June 2016 }}</ref> <ref name="poe moon">{{cite book |url=http://www.worldwideschool.org/library/books/lit/horror/TheWorksofEdgarAllenPoeVolume1/chap3.html |last=Poe |first=Edgar Allan |title=The Works of Edgar Allan Poe, Volume 1, "The Unparalleled Adventures of One Hans Pfaal" |access-date=17 January 2007 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20060627190020/http://www.worldwideschool.org/library/books/lit/horror/TheWorksofEdgarAllenPoeVolume1/chap3.html |archive-date=27 June 2006}}</ref> <ref name="Richardson">{{Cite book|title=The Halstead Treasury of Ancient Science Fiction|first=Matthew|last=Richardson|publisher=Halstead Press|location=Rushcutters Bay, New South Wales|year=2001|isbn=978-1-875684-64-9}} ([[cf.]] {{Cite journal|title=Once Upon a Time|journal=Emerald City|issue=85|date=September 2002|url=http://www.emcit.com/emcit085.shtml#Once|access-date=17 September 2008|archive-date=11 September 2019|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190911095946/http://www.emcit.com/emcit085.shtml#Once|url-status=live}})</ref> <ref name="Roubi">{{Cite web|date=6 February 2008|title=Islamset-Muslim Scientists-Ibn Al Nafis as a Philosopher|url=http://www.islamset.com/isc/nafis/drroubi.html|access-date=29 December 2022|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080206072116/http://www.islamset.com/isc/nafis/drroubi.html |archive-date=6 February 2008 }}</ref> <!-- <ref name="Science Fiction: The Literature of Ideas">{{cite web |author1=Marg Gilks |author2=Paula Fleming |author3=Moira Allen |name-list-style=amp |title=Science Fiction: The Literature of Ideas |publisher=WritingWorld.com |year=2003 |url=http://www.writing-world.com/sf/sf.shtml |access-date=22 December 2006 |archive-date=15 May 2015 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150515083550/http://www.writing-world.com/sf/sf.shtml |url-status=live }}</ref> --> <ref name="september">Benford, Gregory (1998) "Meaning-Stuffed Dreams:Thomas Disch and the future of SF", ''New York Review of Science Fiction'', September, Number 121, Vol. 11, No. 1</ref> <ref name="sf history nvcc">{{cite web |url=http://www.nvcc.edu/home/ataormina/scifi/history/ |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20040326191128/http://nvcc.edu/home/ataormina/scifi/history/ |archive-date=26 March 2004 |title=A History of Science Fiction |first=Agatha |last=Taormina |publisher=Northern Virginia Community College |date=19 January 2005 |access-date=16 January 2007 }}</ref> <ref name="sf-lovers hist">{{cite web |url=http://keithlynch.net/history.net.html |title=History of the Net is Important |first=Keith |last=Lynch |date=14 July 1994 |access-date=17 January 2007 |archive-date=14 August 2015 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150814084811/http://keithlynch.net/history.net.html |url-status=live }}</ref> <!--<ref name="sfsite">{{Cite web|title=Fantasy and Science Fiction: Editorials & Editor's Recommendations|url=http://www.sfsite.com/fsf/1998/gvg9810.htm|access-date=29 December 2022|website=www.sfsite.com}}</ref>--> <!-- <ref name="SFWA info">{{cite web |url=http://www.sfwa.org/org/sfwa_info.htm |title=Information About SFWA |publisher=Science Fiction and Fantasy Writers of America, Inc. |access-date=16 January 2006 |archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20051224090923/http://sfwa.org/org/sfwa_info.htm |archive-date = 24 December 2005}}</ref> --> <ref name="The Arabian Nights: A Companion">{{Cite book|title=The Arabian Nights: A Companion|first=Robert|last=Irwin|publisher=[[I.B. Tauris|Tauris Parke Paperbacks]]|year=2003|isbn=978-1-86064-983-7|pages=209–13}}</ref> <!--<ref name="The Biology of Science Fiction Cinema">{{cite book |title=The Biology of Science Fiction Cinema |last=Glassy |first=Mark C. |year=2001 |publisher=McFarland |location=Jefferson, N.C. |isbn=978-0-7864-0998-3 |url=https://archive.org/details/biologyofscience00glas }}</ref>--> <ref name="The Harmony of the Worlds">{{cite episode|title=The Harmony of the Worlds|episode-link=Cosmos: A Personal Voyage#Episodes|series=Cosmos: A Personal Voyage|series-link=Cosmos: A Personal Voyage|credits=Creator and presenter: [[Carl Sagan]]|network=[[Public Broadcasting Service|PBS]]|air-date=12 October 1980}}</ref> <ref name="The World of Science Fiction 1926–1976">{{cite book |title=The World of Science Fiction 1926–1976 |year=1980 |last=Del Rey |first=Lester |publisher=Ballantine Books |isbn=978-0-345-25452-8 |url=https://archive.org/details/worldofsciencefi00delr }}</ref> <ref name="wood skiffy">{{cite encyclopedia |title="Sci fi" (article by Peter Nicholls) |encyclopedia=Encyclopedia of Science Fiction |first=John | last=Clute | editor=Nicholls, Peter |publisher=Orbit/Time Warner Book Group UK |year=1993}}</ref> <!--<ref name="baen mil">{{cite web |url=http://www.baen.com/intweis.htm |title=Website Interview with Toni Weisskopf on SF Canada |publisher=Baen Books |date=12 September 2005 |access-date=16 January 2007 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20070202075121/https://www.baen.com/intweis.htm |archive-date=2 February 2007 }}</ref> --> <!--<ref name="bradbury master">{{cite book |title=Ray Bradbury: Master of Science Fiction and Fantasy |last=Maas |first=Wendy |date=July 2004 |publisher=Enslow Publishers }}</ref>--> <!--<ref name="bujold char">{{cite web |url=http://www.nesfa.org/press/Books/Bujold-2.htm |title=Shards of Honor |publisher=NESFA Press |date=10 May 2004 |access-date=17 January 2007 }}</ref> --> <!--<ref name="cherryh nazarian">{{cite web |url=http://www.sff.net/people/vera.nazarian/links.htp |title=Intriguing Links to Fabulous People and Places... |first=Vera |last=Nazarian |date=21 May 2005 |access-date=30 January 2007 }}</ref>--> <!--<ref name="cyber def">{{Cite web|title=Cyberpunk - a short story by Bruce Bethke|url=http://www.infinityplus.co.uk/stories/cpunk.htm|access-date=29 December 2022|website=www.infinityplus.co.uk}}</ref> --> <!--<ref name="dictionary">''The American Heritage College Dictionary'' (New York: Houghton Mifflin, 1993), 494.</ref> --> <!-- <ref name="Do Metaphors Dream of Literal Sleep? A Science-Fictional Theory of Representation">{{Cite book|title=Do Metaphors Dream of Literal Sleep? A Science-Fictional Theory of Representation|first=Seo-Young|last=Chu|publisher=[[Harvard University Press]]|year=2011|isbn=0-674-05517-9}}</ref> --> <!--<ref name="fanfic def">{{cite book |url=http://www.thefreedictionary.com/fanfic |title=The American Heritage Dictionary of the English Language |publisher=Houghton Mifflin Company |year=2003 |access-date=17 January 2007 }}</ref> --> <!--<ref name="fantasy hugos">{{cite web |url=http://www.worldcon.org/hc.html |title=The Hugo Awards By Category |publisher=World Science Fiction Society |date=26 July 2006 |access-date=16 January 2006 }}</ref> --> <!--<ref name="forever war">{{cite web |url=http://web.mit.edu/m-I-t/science_fiction/profiles/haldeman.html |title=Joe Haldeman, 1943– |first=Henry | last=Jenkins |date=23 July 1999 |access-date=16 January 2007 }}</ref> --> <!--<ref name="futurians">{{cite journal |url=http://jophan.org/mimosa/m21/resnick.htm |title=The Literature of Fandom |last=Resnick |first=Mike |journal=Mimosa |issue=#21 |year=1997 |access-date=17 January 2007 }}</ref> --> <!--<ref name="grandfather">{{cite encyclopedia |url=http://plato.stanford.edu/entries/time-travel-phys/ |title=Time Travel and Modern Physics |author1=Frank Artzenius |author2=Tim Maudlin |name-list-style=amp |encyclopedia=Stanford Encyclopedia of Philosophy |date=17 February 2000 |access-date=16 January 2007 }}</ref> --> <!--<ref name="hard sf def">{{cite web |url=http://www.magicdragon.com/UltimateSF/timeline1970.html |title=SF TIMELINE 1960–1970 |publisher=Magic Dragon Multimedia |date=24 December 2003 |access-date=17 January 2007 }}</ref> --> <!--<ref name="horror orig">{{cite journal |url=http://www.tabula-rasa.info/DarkAges/Timeline1.html |title=The Horror Timeline, "Part I: Pre-20th Century" |author1=David Carroll |author2=Kyla Ward |name-list-style=amp |journal=Burnt Toast |issue=#13 |date=May 1993 |access-date=16 January 2001 }}</ref> --> <!--<ref name="horror pop">{{cite web |url=http://news.ncsu.edu/features/103106_HorrorFilms.htm |title=Horror Films Still Scaring – and Delighting – Audiences |first=Chad |last=Austin |publisher=North Carolina State University News |access-date=16 January 2006 |archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20070108195901/http://news.ncsu.edu/features/103106_HorrorFilms.htm |archive-date = 8 January 2007}}</ref> --> <!--<ref name="literaturaprospectiva">{{cite web|url=http://www.literaturaprospectiva.com/?p=4544 |title=Cazando el Snark: siguiendo el rastro de la cf en la India ← Literatura Prospectiva |publisher=Literaturaprospectiva.com |access-date=17 December 2015}}</ref> --> <!--<ref name="magic realism">{{cite web |url=http://www.aeonmagazine.com/writersguidelines.html |title=Aeon Magazine Writer's Guidelines |publisher=Aeon Magazine |date=26 April 2006 |access-date=16 January 2007 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20070115234313/https://www.aeonmagazine.com/writersguidelines.html |archive-date=15 January 2007 }}</ref> --> <!--<ref name="mainstream">{{cite web |url=http://www.falsepositives.com/index.php/2005/11/22/utopian-ideas-hidden-inside-dystopian-sf/ |title=Utopian ideas hidden inside Dystopian sf |publisher=False Positives |date=November 2006 |access-date=16 January 2007}}</ref> --> <!--<ref name="mccaffrey sf fantasy">{{cite web |url=http://www.tor.com/sites/legends/mccaffrey_bio.html |title=Anne McCaffrey |publisher=tor.com |date=16 August 1999 |access-date=24 January 2007 |archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20061109201854/http://www.tor.com/sites/legends/mccaffrey_bio.html |archive-date = 9 November 2006}}</ref> --> <!--<ref name="modernism">{{cite journal |url=http://www.hermenaut.com/a4.shtml |title=Philip K. Dick (1928–1982) |last=Glenn |first=Joshua |journal=Hermenaut |issue=#13 |date=22 December 2000 |access-date=16 January 2007 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20061031110802/https://www.hermenaut.com/a4.shtml |archive-date=31 October 2006}}</ref> --> <!--<ref name="mohammed">Jean Déjeux, ''Mohammed Dib'', CELFAN Editions, 1987 (p. 15).</ref> --> <!--<ref name="mystery">{{cite journal |url=http://www.sfwriter.com/arcwc.htm |title=Spotlight On... Robert J. Sawyer |last=McBride |first=Jim |journal=Fingerprints |issue=November 1997 |date=November 1997 |publisher=Crime Writes of Canada |access-date=8 January 2007 }}</ref> --> <!--<ref name="mythology">{{cite journal |url=http://home.istar.ca/~delric/Myth.htm |title=On Incorporating Mythology into Fantasy, or How to Write Mythical Fantasy in 752 Easy Steps |author=Robert B. Marks |date=May 1997 |journal=Story and Myth |access-date=16 January 2007 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20070619211005/https://home.istar.ca/~delric/Myth.htm |archive-date=19 June 2007 }}</ref> --> <!--<ref name="Perry Rhodan 35th anniversary">{{cite press release |url=http://www.perry-rhodan-usa.com/web1998/rdnpres.htm |title=Perry Rhodan 35th anniversary |publisher=Perry-Rhodan-USA.com |date=8 September 1996 |access-date=26 January 2009 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080430072534/http://www.perry-rhodan-usa.com/web1998/rdnpres.htm |archive-date=30 April 2008 }}</ref> --> <!--<ref name="reawakenings">Bell, Andrea (1999), "Science Fiction in Latin America: Reawakenings", ''[[Science Fiction Studies]]'', November, Number 26, No. 3, pp. 441–46.</ref> --> <!--<ref name="sci fant def">{{cite journal |url=http://www.depauw.edu/sfs/review_essays/elkins22.htm |journal=Science Fiction Studies |date=November 1980 |title=Recent Bibliographies of Science Fiction and Fantasy |author=Elkins, Charles |access-date=16 January 2007 }}</ref> --> <!--<ref name="Science Fact and Science Fiction: An Encyclopedia">{{cite book | last = Stableford | first = Brian | title = Science Fact and Science Fiction: An Encyclopedia | publisher = Taylor & Francis Group| year = 2006 | page = 113 }}</ref> --> <!--<ref name="Science Fiction: Bridge between the Two Cultures">{{cite journal |jstor=814025|title=Science Fiction: Bridge between the Two Cultures|journal=The English Journal|volume=60|issue=8|pages=1043–1051|last1=Schwartz|first1=Sheila|year=1971|doi=10.2307/814025}}</ref>--> <!--<ref name="Serling def">{{cite video |people=Rod Serling |title=The Twilight Zone, "The Fugitive" |date=9 March 1962 }}</ref> --> <!--<ref name="soft sf period">{{cite journal |url=http://www.cwrl.utexas.edu/~tonya/Tonya/sf/history.html |title=A brief historical survey of women writers of science fiction |last=Browning |first=Tonya |location=University of Texas in Austin |year=1993 |access-date=19 January 2007 |archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20061208140352/http://www.cwrl.utexas.edu/~tonya/Tonya/sf/history.html |archive-date = 8 December 2006}}</ref> --> <!--<ref name="spec fic">{{cite web |url=http://www.jessesword.com/sf/view/438 |title=Science Fiction Citations |access-date=8 January 2007 }}</ref> --> }}
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