Editing Romanian language (section)

=== Dialects ===
{{Main|Romanian dialects}}

Romanian is also called Daco-Romanian in comparative linguistics to distinguish from the other dialects of [[Common Romanian]]: [[Aromanian language|Aromanian]], [[Megleno-Romanian language|Megleno-Romanian]], and [[Istro-Romanian language|Istro-Romanian]]. The origin of the term "Daco-Romanian" can be traced back to the first printed book of Romanian grammar in 1780,<ref name="Elementa">{{Cite book |last1=Micu |first1=Samuil |title=Elementa linguae daco-romanae sive valachicae |last2=Șincai |first2=Gheorghe |date=1780 |location=Vienna |language=la}}</ref> by [[Samuil Micu]] and [[Gheorghe Șincai]]. There, the Romanian dialect spoken north of the [[Danube]] is called {{lang|la|lingua Daco-Romana}} to emphasize its origin and its area of use, which includes the former [[Ancient Rome|Roman]] province of [[Dacia]], although it is spoken also south of the Danube, in [[Dobruja]], the [[Timok Valley]] and northern Bulgaria.

This article deals with the Romanian (i.e. Daco-Romanian) language, and thus only its dialectal variations are discussed here. The differences between the regional varieties are small, limited to regular phonetic changes, few grammar aspects, and lexical particularities. There is a single written and spoken standard (literary) Romanian language used by all speakers, regardless of region. Like most natural languages, Romanian dialects are part of a [[dialect continuum]]. The dialects of Romanian are also referred to as 'sub-dialects' and are distinguished primarily by phonetic differences. Romanians themselves speak of the differences as 'accents' or 'speeches' (in Romanian: {{lang|ro|accent}} or {{lang|ro|grai}}).<ref>{{Cite journal |last=Delyusto |first=Maryna |date=2016 |title=Mul'tilingval'nyy atlas mezhdurech'ya Dnestra i Dunaya: Istochniki i priyemy sozdaniya |script-title=ru:Мультилингвальный атлас междуречья Днестра и Дуная:источники и приемы создания |trans-title=Multi-Lingual Atlas of Dialects Spread Between the Danube and the Dniester Rivers: Sources and Tools of Creation |url=http://journals.univ-danubius.ro/index.php/research/article/view/3523 |journal=Journal of Danubian Studies and Research |language=ru |volume=6 |issue=1 |pages=362–369 |access-date=28 December 2017 |archive-date=1 December 2017 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20171201040837/http://journals.univ-danubius.ro/index.php/research/article/view/3523 |url-status=live }}</ref>

Depending on the criteria used for classifying these dialects, fewer or more are found, ranging from 2 to 20, although the most widespread approaches give a number of five dialects. These are grouped into two main types, southern and northern, further divided as follows:
* The southern type has only one member:
** the [[Wallachian dialect]], spoken in the southern part of Romania, in the historical regions of [[Muntenia]], [[Oltenia]] and the southern part of [[Northern Dobruja]], but also extending in the southern parts of [[Transylvania]].
* The northern type consists of several dialects:
** the [[Moldavian dialect]], spoken in the historical region of [[Moldavia]], now split among Romania, the Republic of Moldova, and Ukraine ([[Bukovina]] and [[Bessarabia]]), as well as northern part of [[Northern Dobruja]];
** the [[Banat Romanian dialect|Banat dialect]], spoken in the historical region of [[Banat]], including parts of Serbia;
** a group of finely divided and transition-like [[Transylvanian varieties of Romanian|Transylvanian varieties]], among which two are most often distinguished, those of [[Crișana dialect|Crișana]] and [[Maramureș dialect|Maramureș]].

Over the last century, however, regional accents have been weakened due to mass communication and greater mobility.

Some [[argot]]s and speech forms have also arisen from the Romanian language. Examples are the [[Gumuțeasca]], spoken in [[Mărgău]],<ref>{{Cite news |last=Arjocu |first=Florin |date=29 June 2020 |title=Satul din România unde se vorbește o limbă secretă. Tălăuzești gumuțeasca? |language=ro |work=Știri România |url=https://stiriromania.ro/locul-din-romania-unde-se-vorbeste-o-limba-secreta-talauzesti-gumuteasca/ |access-date=11 April 2021 |archive-date=11 April 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210411143023/https://stiriromania.ro/locul-din-romania-unde-se-vorbeste-o-limba-secreta-talauzesti-gumuteasca/ |url-status=live }}</ref><ref>{{Cite news |last=Florea |first=Sorin |date=1 June 2020 |title=Care este satul din România unde se vorbește o limbă secretă? |language=ro |work=Shtiu |url=https://www.shtiu.ro/care-este-satul-din-romania-unde-se-vorbeste-o-limba-secreta-17934.html |access-date=11 April 2021 |archive-date=11 April 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210411143023/https://www.shtiu.ro/care-este-satul-din-romania-unde-se-vorbeste-o-limba-secreta-17934.html |url-status=live }}</ref> and the [[Totoiana]], an inverted "version" of Romanian spoken in [[Totoi]].<ref>{{Cite news |date=19 January 2009 |title=În localitatea Totoi, județul Alba, se vorbește o limbă specifică locului |language=ro |work=[[Realitatea TV]] |url=https://www.realitatea.net/stiri/ultimele-stiri/in-localitatea-totoi-judetul-alba-se-vorbeste-o-limba-specifica-locului_5dcc919c406af85273c9bb5e |access-date=12 April 2021 |archive-date=12 April 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210412124024/https://www.realitatea.net/stiri/ultimele-stiri/in-localitatea-totoi-judetul-alba-se-vorbeste-o-limba-specifica-locului_5dcc919c406af85273c9bb5e |url-status=live }}</ref><ref>{{Cite news |last=Arsenie |first=Dan |date=9 December 2011 |title=Totoiana – messengerul de pe uliță. Povestea unei limbi inventate de români |language=ro |work=GreatNews.ro |url=https://greatnews.ro/totoiana-messengerul-de-pe-ulita-o-limba-inventata-de-romani/ |access-date=12 April 2021 |archive-date=12 April 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210412124028/https://greatnews.ro/totoiana-messengerul-de-pe-ulita-o-limba-inventata-de-romani/ |url-status=live }}</ref><ref>{{Cite news |date=2 November 2009 |title='Limba intoarsă' vorbită în Totoi |language=ro |work=Ziare.com |url=https://ziare.com/alba-iulia/stiri-actualitate/limba-intoarsa-vorbita-in-totoi-1036814 |access-date=12 April 2021 |archive-date=12 April 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210412124025/https://ziare.com/alba-iulia/stiri-actualitate/limba-intoarsa-vorbita-in-totoi-1036814 |url-status=live }}</ref>