Editing Republicanism (section)

===Turkey===
{{Main|Republicanism in Turkey}}
[[File:Atatürk Kemal.jpg|thumb|[[Mustafa Kemal Atatürk]]]]
In 1923 after the [[Fall of the Ottoman Empire|fall]] of the [[Ottoman Empire]] an inherited aristocracy and sultanate suppressed republican ideas until the successful republican revolution of [[Mustafa Kemal Atatürk]] in the 1920s. Republicanism remains [[Six Arrows|one of the six principles]] of [[Kemalism]]. Kemalism, as it was implemented by [[Mustafa Kemal Atatürk]] after the [[Republic Day (Turkey)|declaration of Republic in 1923]], was defined by sweeping political, social, cultural and religious reforms designed to separate the new Turkish state from its [[Ottoman Empire|Ottoman]] predecessor and embrace a Western-style modernized lifestyle,<ref name=cleveland13>Cleveland, William L., and Martin P. Bunton. ''A History of the Modern Middle East''. Boulder: Westview, 2013.</ref> including the establishment of [[Secularism in Turkey|secularism/laicism]], state support of the sciences, free education, [[gender equality]], [[statism|economic statism]] and many more. Most of those policies were first introduced to and implemented in Turkey during Atatürk's presidency through [[Atatürk's reforms|his reforms]].

Many of the root ideas of Kemalism began during the late [[Ottoman Empire]] under various reforms to avoid the imminent [[Dissolution of the Ottoman Empire|collapse of the Empire]], beginning chiefly in the early 19th-century [[Tanzimat]] reforms.<ref>{{cite book |last1=Cleveland |first1=William L |first2=Martin |last2=Bunton |title=A History of the Modern Middle East |edition=4th |publisher=Westview Press |year=2009 |pages=82}}</ref> The mid-century [[Young Ottomans]] attempted to create the ideology of Ottoman nationalism, or [[Ottomanism]], to quell the [[Rise of nationalism in the Ottoman Empire|rising ethnic nationalism]] in the Empire and introduce limited democracy for the first time while maintaining Islamist influences. In the early 20th century, the [[Young Turks]] abandoned Ottoman nationalism in favor of early [[Turkish nationalism]], while adopting a secular political outlook. After the demise of the Ottoman Empire, Atatürk, influenced by both the Young Ottomans and the Young Turks,<ref name="ÁgostonMasters2009">{{cite encyclopedia |last=Cuthell |first=David Cameron Jr. |year=2009 |editor1-last=Ágoston |editor1-first=Gábor |editor2-first=Bruce |editor2-last=Masters |encyclopedia=Encyclopedia of the Ottoman Empire |chapter=Atatürk, Kemal (Mustafa Kemal) |chapter-url=https://books.google.com/books?id=QjzYdCxumFcC&pg=PA56 |location=[[New York City|New York]] |publisher=[[Facts On File]] |pages=56–60 |isbn=978-0-8160-6259-1 |lccn=2008020716 |access-date=23 January 2021}}</ref> as well as by their successes and failures, led the declaration of the Republic of Turkey in 1923, borrowing from the earlier movements' ideas of secularism and Turkish nationalism, while implementing free education<ref name=mango164>{{cite book |last=Mango |first=Andrew |author-link= Andrew Mango |title=Atatürk: The Biography of the Founder of Modern Turkey |publisher=[[The Overlook Press]] |year=2002 |isbn=978-1-58567-334-6 |url= https://books.google.com/books?id=nu68vd_AmuYC |page=164}}</ref> and other reforms that have been enshrined by later leaders into guidelines for governing Turkey.