Editing Radio-frequency identification (section)

===Institutions===

====Hospitals and healthcare====
Adoption of RFID in the medical industry has been widespread and very effective.<ref>{{Cite journal|last=Rosenbaum|first=Benjamin P.|date=28 February 2014|title=Radio Frequency Identification (RFID) in Health Care: Privacy and Security Concerns Limiting Adoption|journal=Journal of Medical Systems|volume=38|issue=3|page=19|doi=10.1007/s10916-014-0019-z|pmid=24578170|s2cid=11368940}}</ref> Hospitals are among the first users to combine both active and passive RFID.<ref>{{Cite book|last=Lahtela|first=Antti|title=2009 Fourth International Conference on Systems and Networks Communications|chapter=A Short Overview of the RFID Technology in Healthcare|chapter-url=https://www.academia.edu/703195|year=2009|pages=165–169|doi=10.1109/ICSNC.2009.77|isbn=978-1-4244-4772-5|s2cid=16524713|language=en}}</ref> Active tags track high-value, or frequently moved items, and passive tags track smaller, lower cost items that only need room-level identification.<ref>{{cite web|title=RFID Frequently Asked Questions|url=http://www.rfidjournal.com/faq/show?68|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130523091646/http://www.rfidjournal.com/faq/show?68|archive-date=May 23, 2013|work=RFIDJournal.com|access-date=2013-05-20}}</ref> Medical facility rooms can collect data from transmissions of RFID badges worn by patients and employees, as well as from tags assigned to items such as mobile medical devices.<ref>{{cite news|title=Group Health Reinvents Patient Care With RTLS|url=http://www.rfidjournal.com/article/print/9828|archive-url=https://archive.today/20130630055052/http://www.rfidjournal.com/article/print/9828|archive-date=June 30, 2013|newspaper=RFID Journal|date=22 August 2012}}</ref> The [[United States Department of Veterans Affairs|U.S. Department of Veterans Affairs (VA)]] recently announced plans to deploy RFID in hospitals across America to improve care and reduce costs.<ref>{{cite news|title=Veterans Affairs to Install RFID in Hospitals across America|url=http://www.impinj.com/blog/veteran-affairs-to-install-rfid-in-hospitals-across-america/|newspaper=Impinj|date=14 June 2013|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140319083312/http://www.impinj.com/blog/veteran-affairs-to-install-rfid-in-hospitals-across-america/|archive-date=19 March 2014}}</ref>

Since 2004, a number of U.S. hospitals have begun implanting patients with RFID tags and using RFID systems; the systems are typically used for workflow and inventory management.<ref>{{cite journal|author=Fisher, Jill A. |author2=Monahan, Torin |year= 2012|title= Evaluation of Real-time Location Systems in their Hospital Contexts|doi=10.1016/j.ijmedinf.2012.07.001|pmid= 22857790|journal=International Journal of Medical Informatics|volume=81|issue=10|pages= 705–712|url=http://publicsurveillance.com/papers/Fisher_Monahan_IJMI-2012.pdf}}</ref><ref>{{cite journal|author=Fisher, Jill A. |author2=Monahan, Torin|year= 2008|title= Tracking the Social Dimensions of RFID Systems in Hospitals|doi=10.1016/j.ijmedinf.2007.04.010|pmid= 17544841|journal=International Journal of Medical Informatics|volume=77|issue=3|pages= 176–183|url=http://publicsurveillance.com/papers/Fisher_Monahan_RFID_IJMI.pdf}}</ref><ref>Fisher, Jill A. 2006. [http://media.wix.com/ugd/e5e1e1_9618d4aaaa1240f4bfa2e6fc8178b144.pdf Indoor Positioning and Digital Management: Emerging Surveillance Regimes in Hospitals]. In T. Monahan (Ed), ''Surveillance and Security: Technological Politics and Power in Everyday Life'' (pp. 77–88). New York: Routledge.</ref>
The use of RFID to prevent mix-ups between [[spermatozoon|sperm]] and [[egg cell|ova]] in [[in vitro fertilisation|IVF]] clinics is also being considered.<ref>{{cite magazine|url=https://www.newscientist.com/article.ns?id=dn7209|title=Electronic tags for eggs, sperm and embryos – life – 30 March 2005|magazine=New Scientist|access-date=2010-04-24}}</ref>

In October 2004, the FDA approved the USA's first RFID chips that can be implanted in humans. The 134&nbsp;kHz RFID chips, from VeriChip Corp. can incorporate personal medical information and could save lives and limit injuries from errors in medical treatments, according to the company. Anti-RFID activists [[Katherine Albrecht]] and [[Liz McIntyre (writer)|Liz McIntyre]] discovered an [[FDA warning letter|FDA Warning Letter]] that spelled out health risks.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.spychips.com/devices/verichip-fda-report.html|title=Verichip Special Report|publisher=spychips.com|access-date=2013-09-22|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120323031257/http://www.spychips.com/devices/verichip-fda-report.html|archive-date=2012-03-23}}</ref> According to the FDA, these include "adverse tissue reaction", "migration of the implanted transponder", "failure of implanted transponder", "electrical hazards" and "magnetic resonance imaging [MRI] incompatibility."

====Libraries====
[[Image:RFID Tags.jpg|thumb|RFID tags used in libraries: square book tag, round CD/DVD tag and rectangular VHS tag]]
Libraries have used RFID to replace the barcodes on library items. The tag can contain identifying information or may just be a key into a database. An RFID system may replace or supplement bar codes and may offer another method of inventory management and self-service checkout by patrons. It can also act as a [[security]] device, taking the place of the more traditional [[electronic article surveillance|electromagnetic security strip]].<ref name="butters">{{cite journal|last1=Butters|first1=Alan|title=Radio Frequency Identification: An Introduction for Library Professionals|journal=Australasian Public Libraries and Information Services|volume=19|issue=4| date=December 2006|pages=164–74|url=http://search.informit.com.au/documentSummary;dn=312996058408409;res=IELHSS|issn=1030-5033}}</ref>

It is estimated that over 30 million library items worldwide now contain RFID tags, including some in the [[Vatican Library]] in [[Rome]].<ref name="singh">{{cite journal|doi=10.6017/ital.v25i1.3326|title=The State of RFID Applications in Libraries|year=2013|last1=Sing|first1=Jay|last2=Brar|first2=Navjit|last3=Fong|first3=Carmen|journal=Information Technology and Libraries|volume=25–32|page=24|doi-access=free}}</ref>

Since RFID tags can be read through an item, there is no need to open a book cover or DVD case to scan an item, and a stack of books can be read simultaneously. Book tags can be read while books are in motion on a [[conveyor belt]], which reduces staff time. This can all be done by the borrowers themselves, reducing the need for library staff assistance. With portable readers, inventories could be done on a whole shelf of materials within seconds.<ref>{{cite journal|title=Radio Frequency Identification|first1=Rachel|last1=Wadham|journal=Library Mosaics|volume=14|issue=5|year=2003|page=22}}</ref>
However, as of 2008, this technology remained too costly for many smaller libraries, and the conversion period has been estimated at 11 months for an average-size library. A 2004 Dutch estimate was that a library which lends 100,000 books per year should plan on a cost of €50,000 (borrow- and return-stations: 12,500 each, detection porches 10,000 each; tags 0.36 each). RFID taking a large burden off staff could also mean that fewer staff will be needed, resulting in some of them getting laid off,<ref name="singh"/> but that has so far not happened in North America where recent surveys have not returned a single library that cut staff because of adding RFID.{{citation needed|date=November 2020}}<ref name="ChellappandiSivankalai2013">{{Cite journal|last1=Chellappandi|first1=P|last2=Sivankalai|first2=S|date=October 2013|others=ISSN: 2321 – 788X|title=Implementation Of RFID Technology In Library – Book Exhausting and Retrieval For Readers|url=https://www.researchgate.net/publication/259854363|journal=Shanlax International Journal of Arts, Science & Humanities|volume=1|issue=2|pages=25–32|via=ResearchGate}}</ref> In fact, library budgets are being reduced for personnel and increased for infrastructure, making it necessary for libraries to add automation to compensate for the reduced staff size.{{Citation needed|date=January 2021}}<ref name="ChellappandiSivankalai2013"/> Also, the tasks that RFID takes over are largely not the primary tasks of librarians.{{Citation needed|date=January 2021}}<ref name="ChellappandiSivankalai2013"/> A finding in the Netherlands is that borrowers are pleased with the fact that staff are now more available for answering questions.{{Citation needed|date=January 2021}}<ref name="ChellappandiSivankalai2013"/>

Privacy concerns have been raised surrounding library use of RFID.<ref>{{Cite journal|last1=Molnar|first1=David|last2=Wagner|first2=David|date=June 8, 2004|title=Privacy and Security in Library RFID: Issues, Practices, and Architectures|url=https://www.researchgate.net/publication/221609472|journal=Conference: Proceedings of the 11th ACM Conference on Computer and Communications Security, CCS 2004, Washington, DC, USA, October 25–29, 2004|volume=1|pages=1–20|via=ResearchGate}}</ref><ref>{{Citation|url=https://www.researchgate.net/publication/270618836|doi=10.1177/0961000613518572|title=How do libraries manage the ethical and privacy issues of RFID implementation? A qualitative investigation into the decision-making processes of ten libraries|year=2015|last1=Ferguson|first1=Stuart|last2=Thornley|first2=Clare|last3=Gibb|first3=Forbes|journal=Journal of Librarianship and Information Science|volume=47|issue=2|pages=117–130|hdl=10197/5242|s2cid=28009426|hdl-access=free}}</ref> Because some RFID tags can be read up to {{convert|100|m}} away, there is some concern over whether sensitive information could be collected from an unwilling source. However, library RFID tags do not contain any patron information,<ref>{{cite journal|first=David|last=Dorman|title=RFID Poses No Problem for Patron Privacy|journal=American Libraries|volume=34|issue=11| date=December 2003|page=86|url=http://www.ala.org/PrinterTemplate.cfm?section=archive&template=/ContentManagement/ContentDisplay.cfm&ContentID=50931}}</ref> and the tags used in the majority of libraries use a frequency only readable from approximately {{convert|10|ft}}.<ref name="butters"/> Another concern is that a non-library agency could potentially record the RFID tags of every person leaving the library without the library administrator's knowledge or consent. One simple option is to let the book transmit a code that has meaning only in conjunction with the library's database. Another possible enhancement would be to give each book a new code every time it is returned. In future, should readers become ubiquitous (and possibly networked), then stolen books could be traced even outside the library. Tag removal could be made difficult if the tags are so small that they fit invisibly inside a (random) page, possibly put there by the publisher.{{Citation needed|reason=See talk page|date=July 2021}}

====Museums====
RFID technologies are now{{When|date=January 2021}} also implemented in end-user applications in museums.<ref>{{Cite web|last=Rowe|first=Paul|date=November 9, 2011|title=RFID Technology in use at the Otago Museum|url=https://vernonsystems.com/rfid-technology-in-use-at-the-otago-museum/|website=Vernon Systems}}</ref> An example was the custom-designed temporary research application, "eXspot", at the [[Exploratorium]], a science museum in [[San Francisco]], [[California]]. A visitor entering the museum received an RF tag that could be carried as a card. The eXspot system enabled the visitor to receive information about specific exhibits. Aside from the exhibit information, the visitor could take photographs of themselves at the exhibit. It was also intended to allow the visitor to take data for later analysis. The collected information could be retrieved at home from a "personalized" website keyed to the RFID tag.<ref>{{cite journal|doi=10.1145/1081992.1082021|title=RFID enhances visitors' museum experience at the Exploratorium|year=2005|last1=Hsi|first1=Sherry|last2=Fait|first2=Holly|journal=Communications of the ACM|volume=48|issue=9|pages=60–5|s2cid=8334725}}</ref>

====Schools and universities====
In 2004, school authorities in the Japanese city of [[Osaka]] made a decision to start chipping children's clothing, backpacks, and student IDs in a primary school.<ref name=LAN>{{cite web|url=http://networks.silicon.com/lans/0,39024663,39122042,00.htm|title=Schoolchildren to be RFID-chipped|publisher=Networks.silicon.com|access-date=2013-09-03|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120427003216/http://networks.silicon.com/lans/0,39024663,39122042,00.htm|archive-date=April 27, 2012}}</ref> Later, in 2007, a school in [[Doncaster]], England, piloted a monitoring system designed to keep tabs on pupils by tracking radio chips in their uniforms.<ref>{{cite web|last=Williams|first=Christopher|url=https://www.theregister.co.uk/2007/10/22/kid_chipping_doncaster_go/|title=Schoolkid chipping trial 'a success'|publisher=Theregister.co.uk|date=2007-10-22|access-date=2013-09-03}}</ref>{{When|date=January 2021}} [[List of further education colleges in England#S|St Charles Sixth Form College]] in west [[London]], England, starting in 2008, uses an RFID card system to check in and out of the main gate, to both track attendance and prevent unauthorized entrance. Similarly, [[Whitcliffe Mount School]] in [[Cleckheaton]], England, uses RFID to track pupils and staff in and out of the building via a specially designed card. In the Philippines, during 2012, some schools already{{When|date=January 2021}} use RFID in IDs for borrowing books.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Baghya Lakshmi|date=2012-09-16|title=Using rfid technology to develop an attendance system and avoid traffic congestion around kindergartens |website=Slideshare|url=https://www.slideshare.net/baghyaharini/using-rfid-technology-to-develop-an-attendance-system-and-avoid-traffic-1}}</ref>{{rs|date=February 2025}} Gates in those particular schools also have RFID scanners for buying items at school shops and canteens. RFID is also used in school libraries, and to sign in and out for student and teacher attendance.<ref name="ChellappandiSivankalai2013"/>