Editing Purple (section)

== Associations and symbolism ==
=== Royalty ===
In [[Europe]], since some [[Roman emperors]] wore a [[Tyrian purple]] (''purpura'') [[toga praetexta]], purple has been the color most associated with power and royalty.<ref name="StClair" /> The [[British Royal Family]] and other European royalty still use it as a ceremonial color on special occasions.<ref name="Eva Heller pg. 162">Eva Heller, ''Psychologie de la couleur: effets et symboliques'', p. 162.</ref> In [[Japan]], purple is associated with the [[Emperor of Japan|emperor]] and Japanese aristocracy.<ref name="HibiFukuda2000" /><gallery mode="packed" heights="200px">
File:NorthernIrelandStamp1958 3D.jpg|A purple postage stamp honored [[Queen Elizabeth II]] in 1958
File:Dronning Margrethe II (crop).jpg|Queen [[Margrethe II of Denmark]] in 2010.
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=== Piety, faith, penitence, and theology ===
In the West, purple or violet is a color often associated with piety and religious faith.<ref name="Eva Heller pg. 162" /><ref name=":3">{{Cite book |last1=Carlson |first1=Kathie |title=The Book of Symbols: Reflections on Archetypal Images |last2=Flanagin |first2=Michael N. |last3=Martin |first3=Kathleen |last4=Martin |first4=Mary E. |last5=Mendelsohn |first5=John |last6=Rodgers |first6=Priscilla Young |last7=Ronnberg |first7=Ami |last8=Salman |first8=Sherry |last9=Wesley |first9=Deborah A. |publisher=[[Taschen]] |year=2010 |isbn=978-3-8365-1448-4 |editor-last=Arm |editor-first=Karen |location=Köln |page=654 |editor-last2=Ueda |editor-first2=Kako |editor-last3=Thulin |editor-first3=Anne |editor-last4=Langerak |editor-first4=Allison |editor-last5=Kiley |editor-first5=Timothy Gus |editor-last6=Wolff |editor-first6=Mary}}</ref> In AD 1464, shortly after the Muslim conquest of [[Constantinople]], which terminated the supply of [[Tyrian purple]] to [[Roman Catholic]] [[Europe]], [[Pope Paul II]] decreed that [[cardinalate|cardinals]] should henceforth wear scarlet instead of purple, the scarlet being dyed with expensive [[cochineal]].{{Citation needed|date=April 2024}} [[Catholic bishop|Bishops]] were assigned the color [[Amaranth (color)#Amaranth purple|amaranth]], being a pale and pinkish purple made then from a less-expensive mixture of indigo and cochineal.

In the [[Latin liturgical rites]] of the [[Catholic liturgy]], purple represents [[penitence]]; [[Anglican Communion|Anglican]] and [[Catholic priest]]s wear a purple [[stole (vestment)|stole]] when they hear [[Confession (religion)|confession]] and a purple stole and [[chasuble]] during [[Advent]] and [[Lent]].  Since the [[Second Vatican Council]] of 1962–5, priests may wear purple vestments, but may still wear black ones, when officiating at funerals. The ''[[Roman Missal]]'' permits black, purple (violet), or white vestments for the funeral [[Mass (liturgy)|Mass]]. White is worn when a child dies before the [[Age of reason (canon law)|age of reason]]. Students and faculty of [[theology]] also wear purple academic dress for graduations and other university ceremonies.{{cn|date=March 2023}}

Purple is also often worn by senior pastors of [[Protestant]] churches and bishops of the [[Anglican Communion]].
<gallery mode="packed" heights="200px">
File:Cardinals and bishops in Bruges escorted by police.jpg|In the [[Catholic Church]], cardinals now wear [[Scarlet (color)|scarlet]] and bishops wear [[amaranth (color)|amaranth]].
File:Katharine Jefferts Schori 2.jpg|[[Katharine Jefferts Schori]], Presiding Bishop of the [[Episcopal Church (United States)|Episcopal Church of the United States]]
File:Bishop Mercurius of Zaraisk.jpg|Bishop Mercurius of [[Zaraisk]] wearing an episcopal mantle ([[St. Nicholas Russian Orthodox Cathedral (Manhattan)|Saint Nicholas Russian Orthodox Cathedral]], New York).
</gallery>
The color purple is also associated with royalty in Christianity, being one of the three traditional offices of [[Jesus Christ]], i. e. king, although such a symbolism was assumed from the earlier Roman association or at least also employed by the ancient Romans.

=== Vanity, extravagance, individualism ===
In Europe and America, purple is the color most associated with vanity, extravagance, and individualism.  Among the [[seven deadly sins]], it represents [[pride]].  It is a color which is used to attract attention.<ref>"Eva Heller, ''Psychologie de la couleur: effets et symboliques'',  p. 167–68</ref>

=== The artificial, materialism and beauty ===
Purple is the color most often associated with the artificial and the unconventional.  It is the major color that occurs the least frequently in nature, and was the first color to be synthesized.<ref>"Eva Heller, ''Psychologie de la couleur: effets et symboliques'',  p. 170</ref>

=== Ambiguity and ambivalence ===
Purple is the color most associated with ambiguity.  Like other colors made by combining two primary colors, it is seen as uncertain and equivocal.<ref>"Eva Heller, ''Psychologie de la couleur: effets et symboliques'',  p. 167–174</ref>

=== Mourning ===
In Britain, purple is sometimes associated with [[mourning]]. In Victorian times, close relatives wore black for the first year following a death ("deep mourning"), and then replaced it with purple or dark green trimmed with black. This is rarely practised today.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://england.prm.ox.ac.uk/englishness-funeral-clothing.html|title=English Funeral and mourning clothing|work=ox.ac.uk}}</ref>