Editing Privacy (section)

====United States====
{{main |Privacy laws of the United States}}

In the United States, more systematic treatises of privacy did not appear until the 1890s, with the development of [[Privacy laws of the United States|privacy law in America]].<ref name=":6">{{Cite book |last=DeCew |first=Judith |url=http://plato.stanford.edu/archives/spr2015/entries/privacy/ |title=Privacy |date=2015-01-01 |publisher=Metaphysics Research Lab, Stanford University |editor-last=Zalta |editor-first=Edward N. |edition=Spring 2015}}</ref> Although the [[United States Constitution|US Constitution]] does not explicitly include the [[right to privacy]], individual as well as [[#Privacy and location-based services|locational privacy]] may be implicitly granted by the Constitution under the [[Fourth Amendment to the United States Constitution|4th Amendment]].<ref>{{Cite web|title=Fourth Amendment|url=https://www.law.cornell.edu/wex/fourth_amendment|access-date=2021-03-20|website=LII / Legal Information Institute|language=en}}</ref> The [[Supreme Court of the United States]] has found that other guarantees have [[Penumbra (law)|''penumbras'']] that implicitly grant a right to privacy against government intrusion, for example in ''[[Griswold v. Connecticut]]'' and ''[[Roe v. Wade]].'' ''[[Dobbs v. Jackson Women's Health Organization]]'' later overruled ''Roe v. Wade'', with Supreme Court Justice [[Clarence Thomas]] characterizing ''Griswold''<nowiki/>'s penumbral argument as having a "facial absurdity",<ref>{{Cite web |title=DOBBS v. JACKSON WOMEN'S HEALTH ORGANIZATION |url=https://www.law.cornell.edu/supremecourt/text/19-1392 |access-date=2022-06-25 |website=LII / Legal Information Institute |language=en}}</ref> casting doubt on the validity of a constitutional right to privacy in the United States and of previous decisions relying on it.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Frias |first=Lauren |title=What is Griswold v. Connecticut? How access to contraception and other privacy rights could be at risk after SCOTUS overturned Roe v. Wade |url=https://www.businessinsider.com/contraception-access-privacy-rights-at-risk-overturned-roe-v-wade-2022-6 |access-date=2022-06-25 |website=Business Insider |language=en-US}}</ref> In the United States, the right of [[freedom of speech]] granted in the [[First Amendment to the United States Constitution|First Amendment]] has limited the effects of lawsuits for breach of privacy. Privacy is regulated in the US by the [[Privacy Act of 1974]], and various state laws. The Privacy Act of 1974 only applies to federal agencies in the executive branch of the federal government.<ref>{{cite web|url = https://foia.state.gov/Learn/PrivacyAct.aspx|title = The Privacy Act|date = 2015-05-22|access-date = 2015-11-19|website = Freedom of Information Act|publisher = US Department of State|archive-date = 2015-08-10|archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20150810064120/https://foia.state.gov/Learn/PrivacyAct.aspx|url-status = dead}}</ref> Certain privacy rights have been established in the United States via legislation such as the [[Children's Online Privacy Protection Act]] (COPPA),<ref>Children's Online Privacy Protection Act, 15 U.S.C. § 6501 et seq.</ref> the [[Gramm–Leach–Bliley Act]] (GLB), and the [[Health Insurance Portability and Accountability Act]] (HIPAA).
<ref>[[Fourth Amendment to the United States Constitution]]</ref>

Unlike the EU and most EU-member states, the US does not recognize the right to privacy of non-US citizens. The UN's Special Rapporteur on the right to privacy, Joseph A. Cannataci, criticized this distinction.<ref>{{cite web| url = https://undocs.org/A/HRC/46/37/Add.4| title = Visit to the United States of America}}</ref>