Editing Pragmatism (section)

==List of pragmatists==
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===Classical (1850–1950)===
{|class="sortable wikitable"
! width="10%" | Name
! width="8%" | Lifetime
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|- valign="top"
| {{sortname|Charles Sanders|Peirce}}
| 1839–1914
| was the founder of American pragmatism (later called by Peirce [[pragmaticism]]). He wrote on a wide range of topics, from mathematical logic and semiotics to psychology.
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| {{sortname|William|James}}
| 1842–1910
| influential psychologist and theorist of religion as well as philosopher. First to be widely associated with the term "pragmatism" due to Peirce's lifelong unpopularity.
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| {{sortname|John|Dewey}}
| 1859–1952
| prominent [[philosophy of education|philosopher of education]], referred to his brand of pragmatism as [[instrumentalism]].
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| {{sortname|Oliver Wendell|Holmes Jr.}}	
| 1841–1935
| [[Supreme Court of the United States|U.S. Supreme Court]] Associate Justice.
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| {{sortname|F.&nbsp;C.&nbsp;S.|Schiller}}
| 1864–1937
| one of the most important pragmatists of his time, Schiller is largely forgotten today.
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'''Protopragmatists or related thinkers'''
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| {{sortname|George Herbert|Mead}}
| 1863–1931
| philosopher and sociological [[social psychology|social psychologist]].
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| {{sortname|Josiah|Royce}}
| 1855–1916
| colleague of James at Harvard who employed pragmatism in an idealist metaphysical framework, he was particularly interested in the philosophy of religion and community; his work is often associated with [[neo-Hegelianism]].
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| {{sortname|George|Santayana}}
| 1863–1952
| although he eschewed the label "pragmatism" and called it a "heresy", several critics argue that he applied pragmatist methodologies to [[naturalism (philosophy)|naturalism]], especially in his early masterwork, ''[[The Life of Reason]]''.
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| {{sortname|W.&nbsp;E.&nbsp;B.| Du Bois}}
| 1868–1963
| student of James at Harvard who applied pragmatist principles to his sociological work, especially in ''[[The Philadelphia Negro]]'' and ''Atlanta University Studies''.
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'''Other'''
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! width="8%" | Lifetime
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| {{sortname|Giovanni|Papini}}
| 1881–1956
| Italian essayist, mostly known because James occasionally mentioned him.
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| {{sortname|Giovanni|Vailati}}
| 1863–1909
| Italian analytic and pragmatist philosopher.
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| {{sortname|Hu|Shih}}
| 1891–1962
| Chinese intellectual and reformer, student and translator of Dewey's and advocate of pragmatism in China.
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| {{sortname|Reinhold|Niebuhr}}
| 1892–1971
| American philosopher and theologian, inserted pragmatism into his theory of [[Christian realism]].
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===Analytic, neo- and other (1950–present)===
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! width="8%" | Lifetime
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| {{sortname|Richard J.|Bernstein}}
| 1932–2022
| Author of ''Beyond Objectivism and Relativism: Science, Hermeneutics, and Praxis'', ''The New Constellation: The Ethical-Political Horizons of Modernity/Postmodernity'', ''The Pragmatic Turn''
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| F. Thomas Burke
| 1950–
| Author of ''What Pragmatism Was'' (2013), ''Dewey's New Logic'' (1994). His work interprets contemporary philosophy of mind, philosophy of language, and philosophical logic through the lens of classical American pragmatism.
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| {{sortname|Arthur|Fine}}
| 1937–
| Philosopher of Science who proposed the [[Natural Ontological Attitude]] to the debate of [[scientific realism]].
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| {{sortname|Stanley|Fish}}
| 1938–
| Literary and Legal Studies pragmatist. Criticizes Rorty's and Posner's legal theories as "almost pragmatism"<ref>In: [[Stanley Fish]], ''There's No Such Thing as Free Speech'', Oxford University Press, 1994.</ref> and authored the afterword in the collection ''The Revival of Pragmatism''.<ref>Ed. Morris Dickstein, Duke University Press, 1998</ref>
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| {{sortname|Robert|Brandom}}
| 1950–
| A student of Rorty, has developed a complex analytic version of pragmatism in works such as ''Making It Explicit'', ''Between Saying and Doing'', and ''Perspectives on Pragmatism''.
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| {{sortname|Clarence Irving|Lewis}}
| 1883–1964
|a leading authority on symbolic logic and on the philosophic concepts of knowledge and value.
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| {{sortname|Joseph|Margolis}}
| 1924–2021
| still proudly defends the original Pragmatists and sees his recent work on Cultural Realism as extending and deepening their insights, especially the contribution of [[Charles Sanders Peirce|Peirce]] and Dewey, in the context of a rapprochement with Continental philosophy.
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| {{sortname|Hilary|Putnam}}
| 1926–2016
| in many ways the opposite of Rorty and thinks classical pragmatism was too permissive a theory.
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| {{sortname|Richard|Rorty}}
| 1931–2007
| famous author of ''[[Philosophy and the Mirror of Nature]]''.
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| {{sortname|John J.|Stuhr}}
| 
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| {{sortname|Willard van Orman|Quine}}
| 1908–2000
| pragmatist philosopher, concerned with [[philosophy of language|language]], [[logic]], and [[philosophy of mathematics]].
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| {{sortname|Mike|Sandbothe}}
| 1961–
| Applied Rorty's neopragmatism to media studies and developed a new branch that he called media philosophy. Together with authors such as Juergen Habermas, Hans Joas, Sami Pihlstroem, Mats Bergmann, Michael Esfeld, and Helmut Pape, he belongs to a group of European pragmatists who make use of Peirce, James, Dewey, Rorty, Brandom, Putnam, and other representatives of American pragmatism in continental philosophy.
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| {{sortname|Richard|Shusterman}}
| 1949–
| philosopher of art.
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| {{sortname|Jason|Stanley}}
| 1969–
| Defends a pragmatist form of contextualism against semantic varieties of contextualism in his ''Knowledge and Practical Interest''.
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| {{sortname|Robert B.|Talisse}}
| 1970–
| defends an epistemological conception of democratic politics that is explicitly opposed to [[John Dewey|Deweyan democracy]] and yet rooted in a conception of [[social epistemology]] that derives from the pragmatism of [[Charles Sanders Peirce|Charles Peirce]]. His work in [[argumentation theory]] and [[informal logic]] also demonstrates pragmatist leanings.
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| {{sortname|Stephen|Toulmin}}
| 1922–2009
| student of Wittgenstein, known especially for his ''The Uses of Argument''.
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| {{sortname|Roberto|Unger}}
| 1947–
| in ''The Self Awakened: Pragmatism Unbound'', advocates for a "radical pragmatism", one that "de-naturalizes" society and culture, and thus insists that we can "transform the character of our relation to social and cultural worlds we inhabit rather than just to change, little by little, the content of the arrangements and beliefs that comprise them."
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| {{sortname|Sidney|Hook}}
| 1902–1989
| a prominent [[New York Intellectuals|New York intellectual]] and philosopher, a student of Dewey at Columbia.
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| {{sortname|Isaac|Levi}}
| 1930–2018
| seeks to apply pragmatist thinking in a decision-theoretic perspective.
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| {{sortname|Susan|Haack}}
| 1945–
| teaches at the University of Miami, sometimes called the intellectual granddaughter of C.S. Peirce, known chiefly for [[foundherentism]].
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| {{sortname|Nicholas|Rescher}}
| 1928–2024
| advocates a methodological pragmatism that sees functional efficacy as evidentiating validity.
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====In the extended sense====
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! width="8%" | Lifetime
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|- valign="top"
| {{sortname|Cornel|West}}
| 1953–
| thinker on race, politics, and religion; operates under the sign of "prophetic pragmatism".
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| {{sortname|Wilfrid|Sellars}}
| 1912–1989
| broad thinker, attacked mainstream variants of [[foundationalism]] in the analytic tradition.
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| {{sortname|Frank P.|Ramsey}}
| 1903–1930
| author of the philosophical work ''[[Universals]]''.
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| {{sortname|Karl-Otto|Apel}}
| 1922–2017
|author of "Charles S. Peirce: From Pragmatism to Pragmaticism (1981)"
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| {{sortname|Randolph|Bourne}}
| 1886–1918
| author of the 1917 pragmatist anti-war essay "Twilight of Idols" 
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| {{sortname|C. Wright|Mills}}
| 1916–1962
| author of ''Sociology and Pragmatism: The Higher Learning in America'' and was a commentator on Dewey.
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| {{sortname|Jürgen|Habermas}}
| 1929–
| author of "What Is [[Universal pragmatics|Universal Pragmatics]]?"
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