Editing Power (social and political) (section)

== Tactics ==
Tactics that political actors use to obtain their goals include using overt [[wikt:aggression|aggression]], [[collaboration]], or even [[Psychological manipulation|manipulation]].<ref>Bew, J. (2016). Realpolitik: A History. Oxford University Press.</ref> One can classify such power tactics along three different dimensions:<ref name="Falbo, T. 1980">{{Cite journal | last1 = Falbo | first1 = Toni | last2 = Peplau | first2 = Letitia A. | title = Power strategies in intimate relationships | journal = [[Journal of Personality and Social Psychology]] | volume = 38 | issue = 4 | pages = 618–628 | doi = 10.1037/0022-3514.38.4.618 | date = April 1980 }} [http://www.peplaulab.ucla.edu/Peplau_Lab/Publications_files/Falbo%20%26%20Peplau%201980.pdf Pdf.] {{Webarchive|url= https://web.archive.org/web/20171010070610/http://www.peplaulab.ucla.edu/Peplau_Lab/Publications_files/Falbo%20%26%20Peplau%201980.pdf |date= 10 October 2017 }}</ref><ref>{{Cite journal | last1 = Raven | first1 = Bertram H. | last2 = Schwarzwald | first2 = Joseph | last3 = Koslowsky | first3 = Meni | title = Conceptualizing and measuring a power/interaction model of interpersonal influence | journal = [[Journal of Applied Social Psychology]] | volume = 28 | issue = 4 | pages = 307–332 | doi = 10.1111/j.1559-1816.1998.tb01708.x | date = February 1998 }}</ref>
# '''[[Soft power|Soft]] and [[Hard power|hard]]''': Soft tactics take advantage of the relationship between the influencer and the target. They are more indirect and interpersonal (e.g., collaboration, socializing). Conversely, hard tactics are harsh, forceful, direct, and rely on concrete outcomes. However, they are not always more powerful than soft tactics. In many circumstances, fear of [[social exclusion]] can be a much stronger motivator than some kind of physical punishment.
# '''Rational and nonrational''': Rational tactics of influence make use of [[reasoning]], [[logic]], and sound judgment, whereas nonrational tactics may rely on [[emotionality]] or [[misinformation]]. Examples of each include [[bargaining]] and persuasion, and [[Evasion (ethics)|evasion]] and put-downs, respectively.
# '''Unilateral and bilateral''': Bilateral tactics, such as collaboration and [[negotiation]], involve reciprocity on the part of both the person influencing and their target. Unilateral tactics, on the other hand, develop without any participation on the part of the target. These tactics include disengagement and the deployment of ''[[fait accompli]]s''.

People tend to vary in their use of power tactics, with different types of people opting for different tactics. For instance, interpersonally oriented people tend to use soft and rational tactics.<ref name="Falbo, T. 1980"/> Moreover, extroverts use a greater variety of power tactics than do introverts.<ref>{{Cite journal | last1 = Bratko | first1 = Denis | last2 = Butkovic | first2 = Ana | title = Stability of genetic and environmental effects from adolescence to young adulthood: Results of Croatian longitudinal twin study of personality | journal = [[Twin Research and Human Genetics]] | volume = 10 | issue = 1 | pages = 151–157 | doi = 10.1375/twin.10.1.151 | date = February 2007 | pmid = 17539374 | s2cid = 22785107 | doi-access = free }}</ref> People will also choose different tactics based on the group situation, and based on whom they wish to influence. People also tend to shift from soft to hard tactics when they face resistance.<ref>{{Cite journal | last1 = Carson | first1 = Paula P. | last2 = Carson | first2 = Kerry D. | last3 = Roe | first3 = C. William | title = Social power bases: A meta-analytic examination of interrelationships and outcomes | journal = [[Journal of Applied Social Psychology]] | volume = 23 | issue = 14 | pages = 1150–1169 | doi = 10.1111/j.1559-1816.1993.tb01026.x | date = July 1993 }}</ref><ref>{{Cite journal | last1 = Tepper | first1 = Bennett J. | last2 = Uhl-Bien | first2 = Mary | last3 = Kohut | first3 = Gary F. | last4 = Rogelberg | first4 = Steven G. | last5 = Lockhart | first5 = Daniel E. | last6 = Ensley | first6 = Michael D. | title = Subordinates' resistance and managers' evaluations of subordinates' performance | journal = [[Journal of Management]] | volume = 32 | issue = 2 | pages = 185–209 | doi = 10.1177/0149206305277801 | date = April 2006 | s2cid = 14637810 | url = http://digitalcommons.unl.edu/cgi/viewcontent.cgi?article=1011&context=managementfacpub | access-date = 24 September 2019 | archive-date = 19 January 2021 | archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20210119040747/https://digitalcommons.unl.edu/cgi/viewcontent.cgi?article=1011&context=managementfacpub | url-status = live }}</ref>

=== Balance of power ===
Because power operates both relationally and reciprocally, [[sociologists]] speak of the "balance of power" between parties to a [[personal relationship|relationship]]:<ref>{{cite book
 | last1 = Weinstein
 | first1 = Rebecca Jane
 | chapter = Threats to the Mediation Process
 | title = Mediation in the Workplace: A Guide for Training, Practice, and Administration
 | url = https://books.google.com/books?id=3AiJkfip6TIC
 | location = Westport, Connecticut
 | publisher = Greenwood Publishing Group
 | date = 2001
 | page = 29
 | isbn = 9781567203363
 | access-date = 12 July 2020
 | quote = An imbalance of power may be obvious or subtle. An imbalance may stem from the dynamics of the personal relationship ....
 | archive-date = 23 October 2023
 | archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20231023015028/https://books.google.com/books?id=3AiJkfip6TIC
 | url-status = live
 }}</ref><ref>Compare:
{{cite book
 | last1 = Tannenbaum
 | first1 = Frank
 | chapter = The Balance of Power in Society
 | title = The Balance of Power in Society: And Other Essays
 | url = https://books.google.com/books?id=Nf7auA6zuqsC
 | series = Arkville Press
 | location = London
 | publisher = Simon and Schuster
 | date = 1969
 | page = 9
 | isbn = 9780029324004
 | access-date = 12 July 2020
 | quote = Competition, imbalance, and friction are not merely continuous phenomena in society, but in fact are evidences of vitality and 'normality.'
 | archive-date = 23 October 2023
 | archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20231023015028/https://books.google.com/books?id=Nf7auA6zuqsC
 | url-status = live
 }}</ref>
all parties to all relationships have ''some'' power: the sociological examination of power concerns itself with discovering and describing the relative strengths: equal or unequal, stable or subject to periodic change. Sociologists usually analyse relationships in which the parties have relatively equal or nearly equal power in terms of ''constraint'' rather than of power.{{citation needed|date=July 2020}} In this context, "power" has a connotation of unilateralism. If this were not so, then all relationships could be described in terms of "power", and its meaning would be lost. Given that power is not innate and can be granted to others, to acquire power one must possess or control a form of power currency.<ref>
{{cite book
|last= McCornack|first= Steven
|title= Reflect & Relate: An introduction to interpersonal communication
|publisher= Bedford/St. Martin's|location= Boston/NY
|isbn= 978-0-312-48934-2|page= 291|date= 15 July 2009
}}
</ref>{{qn|date=July 2020}}<ref>{{cite book
 | last1 = Lehr
 | first1 = Fred
 | title = Power Currency
 | url = https://books.google.com/books?id=CDOSzQEACAAJ
 | publisher = Rand-Smith Publishing LLC
 | date = 2020
 | isbn = 9781950544240
 | access-date = 12 July 2020
 | archive-date = 23 October 2023
 | archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20231023015528/https://books.google.com/books?id=CDOSzQEACAAJ
 | url-status = live
 }}</ref>

=== Political power in authoritarian regimes ===
In [[authoritarian]] regimes, political power is concentrated in the hands of a single leader or a small group of leaders who exercise almost complete control over the government and its institutions.<ref name="Foundation">{{cite book |last1=Clark |first1=William Roberts |last2=Golder |first2=Matt |last3=Nadenichek |first3=Sona |title=Foundations of Comparative Politics |date=2019 |publisher=CQ Press |location=California |isbn=9781506360737 |pages=174–194 |edition=1st}}</ref> Because some authoritarian leaders are not elected by a majority, their main threat is that posed by the masses.<ref name="Foundation" /> They often maintain their power through political control tactics like:

# '''Repression:''' The state targets actors who challenge their beliefs. Can be done directly or indirectly.<ref name="Hassan">{{cite journal |last1=Hassan |first1=Mai |last2=Mattingly |first2=Daniel |last3=Nugent |first3=Elizabeth R. |title=Political Control |journal=Annual Review of Political Science |year=2022 |volume=25 |pages=155–174|doi=10.1146/annurev-polisci-051120-013321 |s2cid=241393914 |doi-access=free }}</ref>
#:* Autocrats repress actors they perceive as having irreconcilable interests, and cooperate with those they think have reconcilable ones.<ref name="autocracies and the control">{{cite journal |last1=Reny |first1=Marie-Eve |title=Autocracies and the Control of Societal Organizations |journal=Cambridge University Press |date=January 2021 |volume=56 |issue=1 |pages=39–58}}</ref>
#:* Because of preference falsification- distinguishing between an individual's private preference and public preference- sometimes repression in itself is not enough.<ref name="Kuran">{{cite journal |last1=Kuran |first1=Timur |title=Now out of Never |journal=World Politics |date=October 1991 |volume=27 |pages=7–48 |doi=10.2307/2010422 |jstor=2010422 |s2cid=154090678 |url=https://ir.lib.uwo.ca/economicsperg_ppe/19 |access-date=9 April 2023 |archive-date=17 April 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230417110508/https://ir.lib.uwo.ca/economicsperg_ppe/19/ |url-status=live }}</ref>
# '''Indoctrination:''' The state controls public education and uses propaganda to diffuse its views and values into society.<ref name="Hassan" /> 
#:* A one standard deviation increase in pro-regime propaganda reduces the odds of protest the following day by 15%.<ref name="propaganda and protest">{{cite journal |last1=Carter |first1=Erin Baggott |last2=Carter |first2=Brett L. |title=Propaganda and Protest in Autocracies |journal=  Journal of Conflict Resolution|date=10 December 2020 |volume=65 |issue=5 |pages=919–949 |doi=10.1177/0022002720975090|s2cid=210169503 }}</ref> 
# '''Coercive distribution:''' The state distributes welfare and resources to keep people dependent while offering benefits to people they know they can manipulate.<ref name="Hassan" /> 
# '''Infiltration:''' The state assigns people to go into grassroot level to sway the public in favor of the authoritarian regime.<ref name="Hassan" /> 

Although several regimes follow these general forms of control, different authoritarian sub-regime types rely on different political control tactics.<ref name="Frantz">{{cite book |last1=Frantz |first1=Erica |title=Authoritarianism: What Everyone Needs to Know |date=12 November 2020 |publisher=Oxford University Press |isbn=9780190880194 |pages=Ch. 5}}</ref>