Editing Population transfer (section)

===United States===
====Independence====
During and after the [[American Revolutionary War]], many [[United Empire Loyalist|Loyalists]] were deprived of life, liberty or property or suffered lesser physical harm, sometimes under [[Act of Attainder#American usage|acts of attainder]] and sometimes by main force. [[Parker Wickham]] and other Loyalists developed a well-founded fear. As a result, many chose or were forced to leave their former homes in what became the United States, often going to [[Canada]], where the Crown promised them land in an effort at compensation and resettlement. Most were given land on the frontier in what became Upper Canada and had to create new towns. The communities were largely settled by people of the same ethnic ancestry and religious faith. In some cases, towns were started by men of particular military units and their families.

====Native American relocations====
{{Main|Indian removal}}
In the 19th century, the [[United States]] government removed an estimated number of 100,000<ref>{{cite web |url=https://moderndiplomacy.eu/2017/12/22/forced-population-transfers-mass-expulsions-migration-law-claw/ |title=Forced Population Transfers, Mass Expulsions, and Migration: The Law and its Claw |date=December 22, 2017 |first=Nafees |last=Ahmad |website=moderndiplomacy.eu}}</ref> [[Native Americans in the United States|Native Americans]] to federally-owned and -designated [[Indian reservation]]s. Native Americans were removed from the Eastern to the Western States. The most well-known removals were those of the 1830s from the Southeast, starting with the [[Choctaw]] people. Under the 1830 [[Indian Removal Act]], the Five Civilized Tribes were relocated from their place, east of the [[Mississippi River]], to the [[Indian Territory]] in the west. The process resulted in great social dislocation for all, numerous deaths, and the "[[Trail of Tears]]" for the [[Cherokee Nation (19th century)|Cherokee Nation]]. Resistance to Indian removal led to several violent conflicts, including the [[Second Seminole War]] in [[Florida]].{{Citation needed|date=June 2022}}

As part of the [[California Genocide]], in August 1863, all [[Maidu|Konkow Maidu]] were to be sent to the Bidwell Ranch in Chico and then be taken to the [[Round Valley Indian Tribes of the Round Valley Reservation|Round Valley Reservation]] at Covelo in Mendocino County. Any Indians remaining in the area were to be shot. Maidu were rounded up and marched under guard west out of the Sacramento Valley and through to the Coastal Range. 461 Native Americans started the trek, 277 finished.<ref>Dizard, Jesse A. (2016). "Nome Cult Trail". ARC-GIS storymap. technical assistance from Dexter Nelson and Cathie Benjamin. Department of Anthropology, California State University, Chico – via Geography and Planning Department at CSU Chico.</ref> They reached Round Valley on 18 September 1863.

The [[Long Walk of the Navajo]] refers to the 1864 relocation of the [[Navajo]] people by the US government in a forced walk from their land in what is now [[Arizona]] to eastern [[New Mexico]]. The [[Yavapai]] people were forcibly marched from [[Yavapai-Apache Nation|Camp Verde Reservation]] to [[San Carlos Apache Indian Reservation]], Arizona, on February 27, 1875, following the [[Yavapai War]]. The federal government restricted [[Plains Indians]] to reservations following several [[Indian Wars]] in which Indians and [[European Americans]] fought over lands and resources. Indian prisoners of war were held at [[Fort Marion]] and [[Fort Pickens]] in [[Florida]].

After the [[Yavapai Wars]] 375 [[Yavapai]] perished in [[Indian Removal]] deportations out of 1,400 remaining Yavapai.<ref>{{cite book|last=Mann|first=Nicholas |title=Sedona, Sacred Earth: A Guide to the Red Rock County|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=rZkbfroP9P8C&pg=PT20|year=2005|publisher=Light Technology Publishing|isbn=978-1-62233-652-4|page=20}}</ref>

====General Order No. 11 (1863)====
{{Main|General Order No. 11 (1863)}}
General Order No. 11 is the title of a Union Army decree which was issued during the [[American Civil War]] on 25 August 1863, forcing the evacuation of rural areas in four counties in western Missouri. That decree was issued in response to an extensive [[insurgency]] and widespread [[guerrilla warfare]]. The Army cleared the area in an attempt to deprive the guerrillas of local support. Union General [[Thomas Ewing Jr.|Thomas Ewing]] issued the order, which affected all rural residents regardless of their loyalty. Those who could prove their loyalty to the Union were permitted to stay in the region but had to leave their farms and move to communities near military outposts. Those who could not do so had to vacate the area altogether.

In the process, Union forces caused considerable property destruction and a large number of deaths because of conflicts.

====Japanese American internment====
{{Main|Japanese American internment}}

In the wake of [[Imperial Japan]]'s [[attack on Pearl Harbor]], decades-long suspicions and [[Anti-Japanese sentiment in the United States|antagonisms towards ethnic Japanese]] mounted, causing the US government to order the military to forcibly relocate approximately 110,000 [[Japanese Americans]] along with Japanese nationals who were residing in the United States to newly constructed "War Relocation Camps," or internment camps, in 1942, where they were interned for the duration of the war. [[White Americans]] frequently bought their property at losses.

Japanese nationals and Japanese Americans who were residing on the [[West Coast of the United States]] were all interned. In [[Hawaii]], where more than 150,000 Japanese Americans composed nearly a third of that territory's population, officials only interned 1,200 to 1,800 Japanese Americans. In the late 20th century, the US government paid some compensation to the survivors of the internment camps.