Editing Pope Pius IX (section)

===Italy===
{{Main|Pope Pius IX and Italy}}
{{multiple image
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|image1 = Political manifestation in Rome (Speech of Pope Pius IX from the balcony of the Papal Palace) by Karl Bryullov.jpg
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|image2 = Karl Brullov 1850 Political demonstration in Rome in 1846.jpg
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|footer = Two paintings by [[Karl Bryullov]] showing the political situation of the time. (Left): Manifestation in Rome (Speech of Pope Pius IX from the balcony of the Papal Palace); (right): Demonstration in Rome in 1846
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Though he was well aware upon his accession of the political pressures within the [[Papal States]], Pius IX's first act was a general [[amnesty]] for [[political prisoner]]s, despite the potential consequences. The freed revolutionaries resumed their previous political activities, and his concessions only provoked greater demands as patriotic Italian groups sought not only a constitutional government – to which he was sympathetic – but also the [[unification of Italy]] under his leadership and a [[Italian irredentism|war of liberation]] to free the northern Italian provinces from the rule of Catholic Austria.{{sfn|Duffy|1997|p=223}}
By early 1848, all of Western Europe began to be convulsed in various [[Revolutions of 1848|revolutionary movements]].{{sfn|Rapport|2009}} The Pope, claiming to be above national interests, refused to go to war with Austria, which reversed Pius' popularity in his native Italy.{{sfn|Duffy|1997|p=223}} In a calculated, well-prepared move, [[Pellegrino Rossi|Prime Minister Rossi]] was assassinated on 15 November 1848, and in the days following, the [[Swiss Guard]]s were disarmed, making the Pope a prisoner in his palace.{{sfn|Schmidlin|1922–1939|p=35}} However, he succeeded in escaping Rome several days later.

A [[Roman Republic (1849)|Roman Republic]] was declared in February 1849. Pius responded from his exile by excommunicating all participants.{{sfn|De Mattei|2004|p=33}} After the suppression of the republic later that year, Pius appointed a conservative government of three cardinals known as the [[Red Triumvirate]] to administer the Papal States until his return to Rome in April 1850.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.bibliotecasalaborsa.it/cronologia/bologna/1849/il_triumvirato_rosso|title=Il 'triumvirato rosso'|website=[[Biblioteca Salaborsa]]|language=it|access-date=29 May 2021}}</ref> He visited the hospitals to comfort the wounded and sick, but he seemed to have lost both his liberal tastes and his confidence in the Romans, who had turned against him in 1848.{{Citation needed|date=January 2010}} Pius decided to move his residence from the [[Quirinal Palace]] inside Rome to the Vatican, where popes have lived ever since.{{sfn|Schmidlin|1922–1939|p=45}}

==== End of the Papal States ====
[[File:St peters basilica interior drawing.jpg|thumb|Illustration of the inside of Saint Peter's Basilica in the 1870s, published by [[John Gilmary Shea]]]]

After defeating the Papal army on 18 September 1860 at the [[Battle of Castelfidardo]], and on 30 September at [[Ancona]], [[Victor Emmanuel II of Sardinia]] took all the Papal territories except [[Latium]] with Rome and took the title [[King of Italy]].  Rome itself was [[Capture of Rome|invaded on 20 September 1870]] after a few-hours siege.<ref>{{cite book |first= David I.|last= Kertzer|author-link =David Kertzer|title= Prisoner of the Vatican: The Popes, the Kings, and Garibaldi's Rebels in the Struggle to Rule Modern Italy|year= 2006|publisher= Houghton Mifflin Harcourt|page=57|isbn= 0618619194}}</ref> Italy instituted the [[Law of Guarantees]] (13 May 1871) which gave the Pope the use of the Vatican but denied him sovereignty over this territory, nevertheless granting him the right to send and receive ambassadors and a budget of 3.25&nbsp;million [[Italian lira|lira]] annually. Pius IX officially rejected this offer (encyclical ''Ubi nos'', 15 May 1871), since it was a unilateral decision which did not grant the papacy international recognition and could be changed at any time by the secular parliament.

Pius IX refused to recognize the new Italian kingdom, which he denounced as an illegitimate creation of revolution. He excommunicated the nation's leaders, including King Victor Emmanuel II, whom he denounced as "forgetful of every religious principle, despising every right, trampling upon every law," whose reign over Italy was therefore "a sacrilegious usurpation."<ref>Schapiro, J. Salwyn, Ph.D., ''Modern and Contemporary European History (1815-1921)'' (Houghton Mifflin Company, The Riverside Press Cambridge, 1921, Revised Edition), p. 218</ref>