Editing Politics of Iran (section)

==Public finance and fiscal policy==
{{See also|Economy of Iran|Economic history of Iran|Supreme Audit Court of Iran|Economy of Iran#International trade|Central Bank of Iran#Inflation and monetary policy|Science in Iran#Science policy|l4=Trade policy in Iran|l5=Monetary policy in Iran|l6=Science policy in Iran}}
{{Public finance}}

===Budget===
{{See also|Bonyad|Setad}}
[[File:Iran-Budget.JPG|thumb|right|Government [[budget deficit]] has been a chronic problem in Iran. In 2004, about 45 percent of the government's budget came from exports of [[Energy in Iran|oil and natural gas revenues]] and 31 percent came from [[Labor and tax laws in Iran#Tax Laws|taxes and fees]].<ref name="encarta">{{cite encyclopedia|title=Iran - MSN Encarta>|url=http://encarta.msn.com/encyclopedia_761567300_6/Iran.html|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20091028171829/http://encarta.msn.com/encyclopedia_761567300_6/Iran.html|archive-date=28 October 2009|url-status=dead|access-date=25 May 2010|df=dmy-all}}</ref>]]

Iran's [[fiscal year]] (FY) goes from [[Iranian calendar|21 to 20 March]] of the following year.

Iran has two types of budget:
#Public or "General" [[Government Budget]]
#Overall or "Total" Government Budget; which includes [[List of Iranian companies|state-owned companies]]

Iran's budget is established by the [[Management and Planning Organization of Iran]] and then ''proposed'' by the government to the parliament/[[Majlis of Iran|Majlis]]. Once approved by Majlis, the bill still needs to be ratified by the [[Guardian Council]]. The bill will be sent back to the parliament for amendments if it is voted down by the Guardian Council. The [[Expediency Council]] acts as final arbiter in any dispute.<!--statement supported in Expediency Council link, citation not necessary-->

Following annual approval of the [[Government of Iran#Public finance and fiscal policy|government's budget]] by [[Majlis of Iran|Majlis]], the [[Central Bank of Iran|central bank]] presents a detailed [[Central Bank of Iran#Inflation and monetary policy|monetary and credit policy]] to the [[Central Bank of Iran#Money and Credit Council|Money and Credit Council]] (MCC) for approval. Thereafter, major elements of these policies are incorporated into the [[Economy of Iran#National planning|five-year economic development plan]].<ref name="LOC5">{{Cite book|last1=Curtis|first1=Glenn|url=https://archive.org/details/irancountrystudy00curt_2/page/195|last2=Hooglund|first2=Eric|title=Iran, a country study|place=Washington, D.C., USA|publisher=[[Library of Congress]]|date=April 2008|page=[https://archive.org/details/irancountrystudy00curt_2/page/195 195]|isbn=978-0-8444-1187-3|url-access=registration|access-date=18 December 2019|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20191216021438/https://archive.org/details/irancountrystudy00curt_2/page/195|archive-date=16 December 2019|url-status=live}}</ref> The 5-year plan is part of "Vision 2025", a strategy for long-term [[sustainable growth]].<ref>{{Cite book|last1=Ayse|first1=Valentine|url=http://www.investiniran.ir/en/filepool/26?redirectpage=%2fen%2febook|last2=Nash|first2=Jason John|last3=Leland|first3=Rice|title=The Business Year 2013: Iran|place=London, U.K.|publisher=The Business Year|date=January 2013|page=41|isbn=978-1-908180-11-7|access-date=15 February 2015|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20161227193349/http://www.investiniran.ir/en/filepool/26?redirectpage=%2Fen%2Febook|archive-date=27 December 2016|url-status=dead}}</ref>

A unique feature of [[Economy of Iran|Iran's economy]] is the large size of the [[Bonyad|religious foundations]], called ''[[Bonyad]]s'', whose combined budgets make up more than 30% of that of [[Government of Iran#Public finance and fiscal policy|the central government]].<ref name="Economist, Jan 18, 2003">''Economist'', 18 January 2003</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.globalsecurity.org/military/world/iran/mjf.htm|title=Mostazafan and Janbazan (Oppressed and Disabled Veterans) Foundation (MJF)|first=John|last=Pike|website=www.globalsecurity.org|access-date=15 August 2018|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170906035316/http://www.globalsecurity.org/military/world/iran/mjf.htm|archive-date=6 September 2017|url-status=live}}</ref><ref>Abrahamian, ''History of Modern Iran'', (2008), p. 178</ref>

[[Setad]], another organization worth more than $95 billion, has been described as "secretive" and "little known".<ref name=setad/> It is not overseen by the [[Islamic Consultative Assembly|Iranian Parliament]]. In 2008, Parliament voted to "prohibit itself from monitoring organizations that the supreme leader controls, except with his permission". It is an important factor in the Supreme Leader's power, giving him financial independence from parliament and the national budget.<ref name=setad>{{cite web|title=Khamenei controls massive financial empire built on property seizures, (part 1)|url=https://www.reuters.com/investigates/iran/|date=11 November 2013|work=Reuters|access-date=13 November 2013|author=Steve Stecklow|author2=Babak Dehghanpisheh|author3=Yeganeh Torbati|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131112231535/http://www.reuters.com/investigates/iran/|archive-date=12 November 2013|url-status=live}}</ref>

The [[National Development Fund of Iran]] (NDFI) does not depend on Iran's budget.<ref name=NDF>{{cite AV media|url=https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=e-8MD_35mcY|title=National Development Fund of Iran an overview of activities|date=11 July 2014|publisher=[[YouTube]]|access-date=10 June 2015|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160315083746/https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=e-8MD_35mcY|archive-date=15 March 2016|url-status=live}}</ref> But according to the [[Santiago Principles]], NDFI must coordinate its investment decisions and actions with the [[Economy of Iran#Fiscal and monetary policy|macro-economic and monetary policies of the government of Iran]].

====Revenues====
{{See also|Taxation in Iran}}
[[File:Iranoilandgas.jpg|thumb|Iran's projected oil and gas projected revenues by the [[International Monetary Fund]]]] 
In 2004, about 45 percent of the government's budget came from exports of [[Ministry of Petroleum (Iran)#Revenues from crude oil|oil and natural gas revenues]]. This varies with the [[oil price|fluctuations in world petroleum markets]]. 31 percent of the budget came from [[Labor and tax laws in Iran#Tax Laws|taxes and fees]].<ref name="encarta"/> Overall, an estimated 50 percent of Iran's GDP was exempt from taxes in FY 2004.<ref name="lcweb2.loc.gov">{{cite web|url=http://lcweb2.loc.gov/frd/cs/pdf/CS_Iran.pdf|title=About this Collection|work=The Library of Congress|access-date=18 May 2016|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150622105658/http://lcweb2.loc.gov/frd/cs/pdf/CS_Iran.pdf|archive-date=22 June 2015|url-status=live}}</ref>

In 2010, oil income accounted for 80% of [[Central Bank of Iran#Foreign reserves|Iran's foreign currency revenues]] and 60% of Iran's overall budget.{{citation needed|date=July 2021}} Any surplus revenues from the sale of crude oil and gas are to be paid into the [[Central Bank of Iran#Oil Stabilization Fund (OSF) and National Development Fund|Oil Stabilization Fund (OSF)]]. In 2010, the approved ''"total budget"'', including state owned commercial companies, was $295 billion.<ref name="turquoise"/>

The Government seeks to increase the share of [[Labor and tax laws in Iran#Tax Laws|tax revenue]] in the budget through the implementation of the [[Iranian Economic Reform Plan|economic reform plan]], through more effective [[Public finance#Financing of government expenditures|tax collection]] from businesses.

As of 2016, the formula set by law is that, for [[Ministry of Petroleum (Iran)|sales of oil]] at or below the budget's price assumption, 14.5% remains with the [[National Iranian Oil Company]] (NIOC), 20% goes to the [[National Development Fund]] (NDF), 2% goes to deprived and oil-producing [[Provinces of Iran|provinces]], and 63.5% goes to the [[Ministry of Economic Affairs and Finance (Iran)|government treasury]].<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.washingtoninstitute.org/policy-analysis/view/irans-frozen-assets-exaggeration-on-both-sides-of-the-debate|title=Iran's 'Frozen' Assets: Exaggeration on Both Sides of the Debate|website=Washingtoninstitute.org|access-date=24 June 2017|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170627000211/http://www.washingtoninstitute.org/policy-analysis/view/irans-frozen-assets-exaggeration-on-both-sides-of-the-debate|archive-date=27 June 2017|url-status=live}}</ref>

Iran has not yet implemented the [[treasury single account]] system.<ref>{{Cite web |url=https://www.al-monitor.com/pulse/originals/2019/03/iran-single-treasury-account-rouhani-cash-management.html |title=Why the Iranian government must modernize its cash management system - Al-Monitor: The Pulse of the Middle East |access-date=4 July 2019 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190704174629/https://www.al-monitor.com/pulse/originals/2019/03/iran-single-treasury-account-rouhani-cash-management.html |archive-date=4 July 2019 |url-status=live }}</ref>

====Expenditures====
{{See also|Military budget of Iran|Iranian Economic Reform Plan}}
[[File:Socio-eco expenditures IRAN.jpg|thumb|right|National Budget Expenditures for Social and Economic Purposes, Fiscal Year 2004. Government spending as percent of total [[budget]] was 6% for [[Health care in Iran|health care]], 16% for [[Education in Iran|education]] and 8% for the [[Iranian Military Industry|military]] in the period 1992–2000 and contributed to an average annual [[inflation rate]] of 14 percent in the period 2000–2008.]]

Because of changes in the classification of budgetary figures, comparison of categories among different years is not possible. However, since the Iranian Revolution, the government's general budget payments have averaged:<ref name="lcweb2.loc.gov"/>
* 59 percent for social affairs,
* 17 percent for economic affairs,
* 15 percent for national defense, and
* 13 percent for general affairs.

Iran spent 22.5% of its 2003 national [[budget]] on [[social welfare]] programs, of which more than 50% covered pension costs.<ref name=CBI2>{{cite web |url = http://www.cbi.ir/showitem/6650.aspx |title = Annual Review |publisher = [[Central Bank of Iran]] |date = December 2009 |access-date = 10 May 2010 |archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20110618061133/http://www.cbi.ir/showitem/6650.aspx |archive-date = 18 June 2011 |url-status = live }}</ref>

For a breakdown of expenditures for social and economic purposes, see the attached chart.

In FY 2004, central government expenditures were divided as follows:<ref name="lcweb2.loc.gov"/>

* current expenditures, 59 percent, and
* capital expenditures, 32 percent.
* Other items (earmarked expenditures, foreign-exchange losses, coverage of liabilities of letters of credit, and net lending) accounted for the remainder.

Among current expenditures, wages and salaries accounted for 36 percent; subsidies and transfers to households accounted for 22 percent (not including ''indirect'' subsidies). Earmarked expenditures totaled 13 percent of the central government total. Between FY 2000 and FY 2004, total expenditures and net lending accounted for about 26 percent of GDP.<ref name="lcweb2.loc.gov"/> According to the Vice President for Parliamentary Affairs, [[Iranian Economic Reform Plan#Subsidy reform plan|Iran's subsidy reforms]] would save 20 percent of the country's budget.{{citation needed|date=July 2021}}

According to the head of the Department of Statistics of Iran,<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://amar.sci.org.ir/index_e.aspx|title=PUBLICATIONS INFORMATION BASE Statistical Centre of Iran|date=3 September 2011|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110903233009/http://amar.sci.org.ir/index_e.aspx |accessdate=20 October 2022|archive-date=3 September 2011 }}</ref> if the [[budget process|rules of budgeting]] were observed in this structure, the government could save at least 30 to 35 percent on its expenses.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.payvand.com/news/10/may/1316.html|title=Ten Million Iranians Under 'Absolute Poverty Line'|website=Payvand.com|date=20 March 2010|access-date=7 February 2012|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120105030221/http://www.payvand.com/news/10/may/1316.html|archive-date=5 January 2012|url-status=live}}</ref>

Contrary to the main objective and because of a lack in the implementation of the [[Iranian subsidy reform plan|subsidy reform plan]], the volume of Iranian subsidies given to its citizens on fossil fuel, which increased 42.2% in 2019, equals 15.3% of Iran's GDP and 16% of total global [[energy subsidies]].<ref>{{Cite web |url=https://financialtribune.com/articles/domestic-economy/98959/iran-largest-fuel-subsidizer-in-2018 |title=Iran: Largest Fuel Subsidizer in 2018 |date=16 July 2019 |access-date=22 July 2019 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190722183308/https://financialtribune.com/articles/domestic-economy/98959/iran-largest-fuel-subsidizer-in-2018 |archive-date=22 July 2019 |url-status=live }}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |url=https://www.al-monitor.com/pulse/originals/2018/12/iran-fuel-subsidy-reform-gasoline-prices-budget-deficit.html |title=Why the Rouhani administration must eliminate energy subsidies - Al-Monitor: The Pulse of the Middle East |access-date=22 July 2019 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190722193333/https://www.al-monitor.com/pulse/originals/2018/12/iran-fuel-subsidy-reform-gasoline-prices-budget-deficit.html |archive-date=22 July 2019 |url-status=live }}</ref> As a direct consequence, 
[[Taxation in Iran|Iranian taxpayers]] incur a loss of $3.3 billion annually because of [[2007 Gas Rationing Plan in Iran#Fuel smuggling|fuel smuggling]] (& not including other smuggled oil derivatives), equivalent to the "development budget" of Iran.<ref>{{Cite web |url=https://en.radiofarda.com/a/iran-fuel-gasoline-smuggling-sanctions/29783028.html |title=Why Fuel is Smuggled Out of Iran and Why No One Stops It |access-date=22 July 2019 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190718220057/https://en.radiofarda.com/a/iran-fuel-gasoline-smuggling-sanctions/29783028.html |archive-date=18 July 2019 |url-status=live }}</ref>

====Public debt====
{{See also|Central Bank of Iran|Banking in Iran}}

{{Pie chart
| caption= Distribution of Public Debt (FY 2016)<ref name="auto">IMF. "Selected Issues" Report, Islamic Republic of Iran, March 2018.</ref>
| label1 = Unsecurized Public Debt (43.3% of GDP)
| value1 = 88.2
| color1 = yellow
| label2 = [[Security (finance)|Securized]] Public Debt (4.3% of GDP)
| value2 = 8.8
| color2 = blue
| label3 = External Debt (1.5% of GDP)
| value3 = 3
| color3 = black
}}

In 2014, [[Banking in Iran#Summary of the assets and liabilities of the banking system|Iran's banks]] and financial institutions [[Public debt|total claims on the public sector]] (government and governmental institutions) amounted to 929 trillion IRR ($34.8 billion), which must be reduced according to the [[IMF]].<ref>[https://web.archive.org/web/20150212195654/http://www.turquoisepartners.com/iraninvestment/November%202014.pdf Iran Investment Monthly]. [[Turquoise Partners]], November 2014. Retrieved 1 October 2015.</ref><ref>[http://www.ft.com/cms/s/0/a432dd30-6510-11e5-9846-de406ccb37f2.html Iran to test investor confidence with debt issue] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160102010907/http://www.ft.com/cms/s/0/a432dd30-6510-11e5-9846-de406ccb37f2.html |date=2 January 2016 }}. ''[[Financial Times]]''. Retrieved 1 October 2015.</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.payvand.com/news/15/oct/1031.html|title=IMF: Iran accord to lift Mideast economy|access-date=18 May 2016|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20151014003800/http://www.payvand.com/news/15/oct/1031.html|archive-date=14 October 2015|url-status=live}}</ref> IMF estimates that [[public debt]] could be as high as 40% of GDP (or more) once government arrears to the private sector are recognized.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.imf.org/en/News/Articles/2016/10/03/MS100316-Iran-Concluding-Statement-of-an-IMF-Staff-Visit|title=Iran: Concluding Statement of an IMF Staff Visit|website=Imf.org|access-date=24 June 2017|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180418092934/http://www.imf.org/en/News/Articles/2016/10/03/MS100316-Iran-Concluding-Statement-of-an-IMF-Staff-Visit|archive-date=18 April 2018|url-status=live}}</ref> These arrears are owed to [[Banking in Iran|banks]] (45%), private contractors (37%), and [[Social Security Organization|social security]] (18%) (FY 2016).<ref name="auto"/>

=====External debts=====
{{See also|Central Bank of Iran#Foreign exposure and transactions|Foreign direct investment in Iran|l1=Foreign exposure of Iran}}

In 2013, Iran's [[external debt]]s stood at $7.2 billion compared with $17.3 billion in 2012.<ref>[http://www.payvand.com/news/13/may/1206.html Iran's external debts cut by $10b, hit $7.2b: Central Bank Chief] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180616030502/http://www.payvand.com/news/13/may/1206.html |date=16 June 2018 }}. ''Tehran Times'', 27 May 2013. Retrieved 24 August 2013.</ref> Iran's external debt was $7.12 billion in April 2022. This is one of the lowest numbers internationally (~$90 per capita).<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.tehrantimes.com/news/471664/Iran-among-world-s-top-countries-with-lowest-foreign-debt|title = Iran among world's top countries with lowest foreign debt|date = 13 April 2022}}</ref>

<gallery>
File:FLOW CHART (IRAN BUDGET).png|Money flow chart.
File:IRANbalanceofpayment.jpg|Iran's [[balance of payment]] (2003-2007)
File:Debt service-Iran.png|Iran's total [[Debt service ratio|debt service]] as percent of [[Balance of payments|exports of goods services and income]] increased sixfold [[History of the Islamic Republic of Iran#President Rafsanjani's administration#Economy|between 1990 and 1997]]
File:IRAN-GDP-real-growth.jpg|Iran's oil vs non-oil real [[Central Bank of Iran|GDP growth projections]].
File:Military expenditures-Iran.png|[[Military of Iran|Military expenditures]] (% GDP)
File:USD-IRR exchange rate.JPG|[[US dollar]]/[[Iranian rial]] exchange rate (2003-2014 est.)
File:IRAN oil&gas production.jpg|[[Petroleum industry in Iran|Oil and gas production]] (1970-2030 est.)
File:Iran Budget Process.png|Iranian budget process.
</gallery>

====Financial situation of the government====
{{See also|Government of the Islamic Republic of Iran}}
{| class="wikitable"
|+[[Public Finance|Financial situation of the Government]]<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.irantradelaw.com/wp-content/uploads/2010/03/Irans-Foreign-Trade-Regime-Report.pdf|title=The Memorandum of The Foreign Trade Regime of The Islamic Republic of Iran|website=irantradelaw.com|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110713054415/http://www.irantradelaw.com/wp-content/uploads/2010/03/Irans-Foreign-Trade-Regime-Report.pdf|archive-date=13 July 2011|access-date=10 June 2015}}</ref><ref name="en.tpo.ir">{{Cite web |url=http://en.tpo.ir/documents/document/11971/12478/Annual-Reviews.aspx |title=سازمان توسعه تجارت ایران |access-date=19 April 2010 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100501001718/http://en.tpo.ir/documents/document/11971/12478/Annual-Reviews.aspx |archive-date=1 May 2010 |url-status=dead |df=dmy-all }}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.imf.org/external/pubs/ft/scr/2010/cr1074.pdf|title=Islamic Republic of Iran: 2009 Article IV Consultation—Staff Report; Staff Supplement; Public Information Notice on the Executive Board Discussion; and Statement by the Executive Director for Iran|website=Imf.org|access-date=15 August 2018|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20111221110435/http://www.imf.org/external/pubs/ft/scr/2010/cr1074.pdf|archive-date=21 December 2011|url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |url=http://www.cbi.ir/page/11992.aspx |title=Archived copy |access-date=8 August 2014 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140808223618/http://www.cbi.ir/page/11992.aspx |archive-date=8 August 2014 |url-status=dead |df=dmy-all }}</ref><br /> 2007-2009 (In billion [[Iranian rial]]s)<sup>1)3)4)5)6)7)</sup>
|-
! Year 1386 (2007–08)
(realized)
! % of nominal [[GDP]]
(2007–08)<ref name="en.tpo.ir"/><ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.cbi.ir/showitem/6650.aspx|title=Annual Review" for 1387(2008/09)|website=Cbi.ir|date=1 December 2009|access-date=7 February 2012|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120224053835/http://www.cbi.ir/showitem/6650.aspx|archive-date=24 February 2012|url-status=live}}</ref>
! Year 1387 (2008–09)
(approved budget)
! Year 1387 (2008–09)
(realized)
! Year 1391 (2012–13)
(realized)
! Revenues and payments
|-
|191,815.3
|11.4%
|217,155
|239,741.4
|395,166.7
|[[Labor and tax laws in Iran|Tax revenues]] (i.e. Income tax, Corporate tax, VAT, [[Labor and tax laws in Iran#Tariff rates|Customs fees]] etc.)
|-
|106,387.8
|
|121,598.1
|139,597.1
|173,036.5
|(+) Other revenues (i.e. Public corporations' dividend, Government services & other fees)
|-
|'''''298,203.1'''''
|
|'''''338,753.1'''''
|'''''379,338.5'''''
|'''''568,203.2'''''
| = '''''Revenues'''''
|-
| (-) 421,334.1
|   16.1%
| (-) 621,126
| (-) 564,290.0
| (-) 889,993.2
| (–) Expenditure payments/current (i.e. [[Labor and tax laws in Iran|Government wages]]) (see also: [[Iranian targeted subsidy plan]])
|-
|
|-
|<span style="color:red">'''''-123,131'''''</span>
|<span style="color:red">'''''4.7%'''''</span>
|<span style="color:red">'''''-282,372.9'''''</span>
|<span style="color:red">'''''-184,951.5'''''</span>
|<span style="color:red">'''''-321,790.0'''''</span>
|= (+/-) '''''Operational balance*'''''
|-
|
|-
|173,519.1
|
|298,865.6
|215,650.3
|425,526.5
|[[Ministry of Petroleum (Iran)#Revenues from crude oil|Sale of oil]] and oil products (see also: [[Ministry of Petroleum of Iran]] & [[National Iranian Oil Company]])
|-
|1,272.7
|
|3,095
|986.5
|2,994.9
|(+) Others (Value of movable and immovable properties)
|-
|
|-
|'''''174,791.8'''''
|
|'''''301,960.6'''''
|'''''216,636.7'''''
|'''''428,521.4'''''
|= '''''Transfer of capital assets'''''
|-
| - 147,715.8 (-157,215.8)<sup>(2)</sup>
| 5.6%
| (-) 251,573.8
| (-) 213,495.8
| (-) 152,277.4
| (–) [http://www.cbi.ir/page/11992.aspx Acquisition of capital assets/development expenditures] (in [[Transport in Iran|Transport]], Urban and Rural Development and [[Construction in Iran#Mehr Housing Scheme|Housing Provision Plans]] in the Framework of [[Ministry of Welfare and Social Security (Iran)|Welfare and Social Security System]])
|-
|
|-
|'''''27,076.1''''' '''''(17,576.1)'''''<sup>(2)</sup>
|
|'''''50,386.8'''''
|'''''3,140.9'''''
|'''''276,244.0'''''
|= '''''Net transfer of capital assets'''''
|-
|<span style="color:red">-123,131</span>
|<span style="color:red">4.7%</span>
|<span style="color:red">-282,372.9</span>
|<span style="color:red">-184,951.5</span>
|<span style="color:red">-321,790.0</span>
| + Operational balance (see above for details*)
|-
|
|- style="background:#f0f0f0;"
||<span style="color:red">'''-96,054.9''' '''(-105,554.9)'''<sup>(2)</sup></span>
||<span style="color:red">'''3.7%'''</span>
||<span style="color:red">'''-231,986.1'''</span>
||<span style="color:red">'''-181,810.6'''</span>
||<span style="color:red">'''-45,546.0'''</span>
||'''= Operational and capital balance'''<!-- This amount must equals the Net transfer of financial assets --> (''Operational balance'' + ''Net transfer of capital assets'')
|-
|
|-
| 156,614.1 (166,114.0)<sup>(2)</sup>
|
| 267,771.6
| 218,260.0
| 67,696.1
| Transfer of financial assets (i.e. [[Privatization in Iran#Progress|Privatization proceeds]], [[Central Bank of Iran#Foreign relations|World Bank facilities]], [[Banking in Iran#Bond market|Sale of participation papers]] & [[Central Bank of Iran#Oil Stabilization Fund (OSF) and National Development Fund|Oil Stabilization Fund]] utilization)
|-
| (-) 60,559.2
|
| (-) 35,785.5
| (-) 36,449.4
| (-) 22,150.1
| (–) Acquisition of financial assets (i.e. [[Government debt|Repayment of external debts and obligations]])
|-
|
|- style="background:#f0f0f0;"
||'''96,054.9''' '''(105,554.9)'''<sup>(2)</sup>
||'''3.7%'''
||'''231,986.1'''
||'''181,810.6'''
||'''45,546.0'''
||'''= Net transfer of financial assets'''<!-- This amount must equals the Operational and capital balance --> (''Transfer of financial assets'' – ''Acquisition of financial assets'')
|}

<small>'''Notes:'''<br /> 1) Since 2002, the latest [[International Monetary Fund]] Guidelines on government financial statistics have been used as a model to prepare annual budgetary acts. Accordingly, revenues are classified into "[[Labor and tax laws in Iran|taxes and other revenues]]", and "[[National Iranian Oil Company|oil sales]]" which had earlier been classified as revenue are now referred to as "transfer of capital assets".<br />2) In 2007/08, it includes [[Public finance#Financing of government expenditures|budget supplement]] at Rls. 9,500 billion.<br />3) The government budget does not include state revenues and expenses derived from state owned commercial enterprises.<ref name="sci.org.ir">{{cite web|url=http://www.sci.org.ir/portal/faces/public/sci_en/sci_en.selecteddata/sci_en.yearbookdata|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20091113180313/http://www.sci.org.ir/portal/faces/public/sci_en/sci_en.selecteddata/sci_en.yearbookdata|url-status=dead|archive-date=13 November 2009|title=Statistical Centre of Iran|date=13 November 2009|access-date=15 August 2018}}</ref><br /> 4) The government budget does not account for subsidies paid to state owned commercial enterprise. See also [[Iranian Economic Reform Plan#Subsidy reform plan|Subsidy reform plan]].<ref name="sci.org.ir"/><br /> 5) Excluding special revenues and expenditures and the figure for transparency in the price (subsidy) of energy bearers.<ref name="en.tpo.ir"/><br /> 6) For '''"Total Government Budget"''' (including [http://amar.sci.org.ir/Detail.aspx?Ln=E&no=98978&S=TP state owned commercial companies]), see [http://amar.sci.org.ir/Detail.aspx?Ln=E&no=98957&S=TP Statistical Center of Iran].<br /> 7) [https://www.jstor.org/pss/3879694 ''Hidden'' spending and liability not included.]
</small>

===Annual budgets===
{{Update section|date=February 2020}}

====2009–10====
In Iran's state budget for the [[Iranian calendar]] year 1388 (2009–2010), of the $102 billion earmarked for government spending,<ref name="turquoise">{{cite web|url=http://www.turquoisepartners.com/iraninvestment/IIM-AprMay09.pdf|title=Iran Investment monthly|date=May 2009|website=Turquoisepartners.com|access-date=15 August 2018|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160118064229/http://www.turquoisepartners.com/iraninvestment/IIM-AprMay09.pdf|archive-date=18 January 2016|url-status=live}}</ref>
*53% will be funded through [[Ministry of Petroleum (Iran)#Revenues from crude oil|revenues from the sale of crude oil and gas]],
*28% will come from taxes and the remaining
*19% from other sources such as the [[Privatization in Iran#Progress|privatization program]].<ref name="turquoise"/>

[[Ministry of Petroleum (Iran)#Revenues from crude oil|Oil revenues]] are calculated based on the [[Oil price|average price of $37.50 per barrel]] at the [[Iranian rial|US Dollar conversion rate]] of 9,500 Rials.<ref name="FT">{{cite web|last=Bozorgmehr|first=Najmeh|url=http://www.ft.com/cms/s/a1d2d898-0908-11df-ba88-00144feabdc0,Authorised=false.html?_i_location=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.ft.com%2Fcms%2Fs%2F0%2Fa1d2d898-0908-11df-ba88-00144feabdc0.html%3Fnclick_check%3D1&_i_referer=|title=Ahmadi-Nejad unveils expansionary Iran budget|work=Financial Times|date=24 January 2010|access-date=7 February 2012|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110608202658/http://www.ft.com/cms/s/a1d2d898-0908-11df-ba88-00144feabdc0,Authorised=false.html?_i_location=http:%2F%2Fwww.ft.com%2Fcms%2Fs%2F0%2Fa1d2d898-0908-11df-ba88-00144feabdc0.html%3Fnclick_check=1&_i_referer=&nclick_check=1|archive-date=8 June 2011|url-status=live}}</ref> Iran balances its [[balance of payment|external accounts]] around $75 per barrel.<ref>[https://www.pbs.org/wgbh/pages/frontline/tehranbureau/2010/10/iran-primer-the-oil-and-gas-industry.html PBS - Iran Primer: The Oil and Gas Industry] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180726062337/https://www.pbs.org/wgbh/pages/frontline/tehranbureau/2010/10/iran-primer-the-oil-and-gas-industry.html |date=26 July 2018 }}. Pbs.org, Retrieved 27 October 2010</ref>

====2010–11====
The budget for Iranian year 1389 (2010–2011), which starts on 21 March, amounts to $368.4bn, representing an increase of 31 per cent on the previous year and is based on a projected oil price of $60 a barrel compared with just $37.50 last year.<ref name="FT"/>

====2011–12====
The public budget was $165 billion (1,770 trillion rials) in [[Iranian calendar|Iranian year]] 2011–2012. The [[Iranian Parliament]] also approved a total budget of $508 billion (5,170 trillion rials) that factors in $54 billion from [[Iranian targeted subsidy plan#Budgeting|price hikes and subsidy cuts]] and aside from the government (or public budget) also includes spending for state-owned companies.<ref>{{cite web|last=Nasseri|first=Ladane|url=https://www.bloomberg.com/news/2011-04-27/iran-parliament-cut-budget-2-25-before-approval-donya-reports.html|title=Iran Parliament Cut Budget 2.25% Before Approval, Donya Reports|publisher=Bloomberg|date=27 April 2011|access-date=7 February 2012|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20121105064142/http://www.bloomberg.com/news/2011-04-27/iran-parliament-cut-budget-2-25-before-approval-donya-reports.html|archive-date=5 November 2012|url-status=live}}</ref><ref name=":0">{{cite web|url=http://www.aljazeera.com/news/middleeast/2011/05/20115918112150438.html|title=More subsidy cuts in Iran budget|access-date=10 June 2015|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110515075019/http://www.aljazeera.com/news/middleeast/2011/05/20115918112150438.html|archive-date=15 May 2011|url-status=live}}</ref> The budget is based on an oil price of $81.5 per barrel. The value of the US dollar is estimated at [[Iranian rial#Value|IRR]] 10,500 for the same period. The 2011-12 total budget is ''40'' per cent bigger than previous year's (which stood at $368 billion) because of dropping subsidies on energy and food item.<ref name=":0" />

====2012–13====
The proposed budget for 2011–2012 amounts to 5.1 quadrillion [[Iranian rial|rials]] (approximately $416 billion).<ref name="mehrnews.com">{{Cite web |url=http://www.mehrnews.com/en/newsdetail.aspx?NewsID=1522851 |title=Archived copy |access-date=18 April 2012 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120419125436/http://www.mehrnews.com/en/newsdetail.aspx?NewsID=1522851 |archive-date=19 April 2012 |url-status=dead |df=dmy-all }}</ref> The funding for running the government has been decreased by 5.6 percent and the government's tax revenues have been envisaged to rise by 20 percent.<ref name="mehrnews.com"/> The [[Military of Iran|defense budget]] shows an increase of 127 percent. The government also is seeking higher sums for development, [[Science in Iran|research]], and [[Healthcare in Iran|health projects]].<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.loc.gov/lawweb/servlet/lloc_news?disp3_l205403043_text|title=Global Legal Monitor: Iran: Criticism of Newly Proposed Budget - Global Legal Monitor - Law Library of Congress - Library of Congress|website=[[Library of Congress]]|access-date=10 June 2015|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150605170803/http://www.loc.gov/lawweb/servlet/lloc_news?disp3_l205403043_text|archive-date=5 June 2015|url-status=live}}</ref> Approved budget of 5,660 trillion Rials $477 billion is based on an [[oil price]] of $85 per barrel and the average value of the U.S. dollar for the fiscal year has been projected to be 12,260 rials, allowing the government to gain $53.8 billion from [[Iranian targeted subsidy plan#Budgeting|subsidy cut]].<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://news.yahoo.com/iran-parliament-approves-reduced-sanction-hit-budget-183642738--business.html|archive-url=https://archive.today/20120712130442/http://news.yahoo.com/iran-parliament-approves-reduced-sanction-hit-budget-183642738--business.html|archive-date=2012-07-12|url-status=dead|title=Iran parliament approves reduced sanction-hit budget - Yahoo! News|access-date=29 July 2020}}</ref> 

The approved total state budget figure shows an 11% increase in Rial terms, in comparison to the previous year's budget. Of this amount, $134 billion relates to the government's general budget and the remaining $343 billion relates to state-owned companies and organizations. Of the $134 billion for the government's general budget, $117 billion relates to operating expenditure and $17 billion is for infrastructure developments. The government's general budget for 2012–13 shows a 3.5% decline in comparison to the previous year, while the budget for state-owned companies and organisations has risen by 18.5%. Revenues from crude oil make up 37% of the state's total revenues in the budget. Revenues from taxes have been projected at 458 trillion Rials ($37 billion), which shows a 10% increase year-on-year.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.turquoisepartners.com/iraninvestment/IIM-AprMay12.pdf|title=Iran Investment monthly|date=May 2012|website=Turquoisepartners.com|access-date=15 August 2018|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131031023806/http://www.turquoisepartners.com/iraninvestment/IIM-AprMay12.pdf|archive-date=31 October 2013|url-status=live}}</ref> In the first half of 2012, Iran announced in Majlis that it has taken in only 25% of its budgeted annual revenue.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.payvand.com/news/12/sep/1163.html|title=Iranian Government Facing Budget Shortfall|access-date=10 June 2015|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150611122445/http://www.payvand.com/news/12/sep/1163.html|archive-date=11 June 2015|url-status=live}}</ref> According to [[Arab Petroleum Investments Corporation|Apicorp]], Iran needs oil to average $127 a barrel in 2012 for its fiscal budget to break even.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://gulfnews.com/business/economy/iran-needs-oil-at-127-to-balance-budget-1.1060815|title=Iran needs oil at $127 to balance budget|author=Bloomberg|access-date=10 June 2015|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150605180406/http://gulfnews.com/business/economy/iran-needs-oil-at-127-to-balance-budget-1.1060815|archive-date=5 June 2015|url-status=live}}</ref>

====2013–14====
In May 2013, the Iranian parliament approved a 7.27-quadrillion-rial (about $593 billion) national budget bill for 2013–14. The new national budget has forecast a 40% drop in oil revenues compared to the previous year's projected figure. The bill has set the price of oil at $95 per barrel, based on the official exchange rate of 12,260 rials for a U.S. dollar, which has been fixed by the [[Central Bank of Iran]].<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.payvand.com/news/13/may/1225.html|title=Iranian Parliament passes $593 billion national budget bill|access-date=10 June 2015|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150924122402/http://www.payvand.com/news/13/may/1225.html|archive-date=24 September 2015|url-status=live}}</ref> The budget law also includes income of 500 trillion Rials from the [[Iranian subsidy reform plan|subsidies reform plan]]. Out of this amount, 410 trillion Rials is allocated for direct cash handouts to those eligible who have registered and for social funds.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.turquoisepartners.com/iraninvestment/IIM-Jun13.pdf|title=Iran Investment monthly|date=June 2013|website=Turquoisepartners.com|access-date=15 August 2018|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160303232822/http://www.turquoisepartners.com/iraninvestment/IIM-Jun13.pdf|archive-date=3 March 2016|url-status=live}}</ref>

====2014–15====
Iran's earmarked government spending for the year starting in March 2014 at $75 billion, calculated on an open-market exchange rate, with an overall/"total" budget ceiling estimated at $265 billion. The draft budget estimates oil exports at about 1.1 million barrels per day (bpd). The 2014 budget assumes an average oil price of $100 per barrel, inflation at 21%, GDP growth at 3% and the official USD/IRR exchange rate at 26,000 [[Iranian rial]]s.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.iran-daily.com/1392/9/18/MainPaper/4671/Page/1/|title=Irandaily - No. 4671 - Front page. p. 1|access-date=18 May 2016|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131214025012/http://www.iran-daily.com/1392/9/18/MainPaper/4671/Page/1/|archive-date=14 December 2013|url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=https://news.yahoo.com/iran-39-president-nuclear-deal-helped-economy-105703396.html|title=Iran's president: Nuclear deal has helped economy|date=8 December 2013|work=Yahoo News|access-date=10 June 2015|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20141129102629/http://news.yahoo.com/iran-39-president-nuclear-deal-helped-economy-105703396.html|archive-date=29 November 2014|url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.voanews.com/a/irans-budget-2014-taking-shape/1840387.html|title=Iran's 2014 Budget Taking Shape|work=VOA|access-date=10 June 2015|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140131165501/http://www.voanews.com/content/irans-budget-2014-taking-shape/1840387.html|archive-date=31 January 2014|url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=http://en.trend.az/capital/business/2235653.html|title=Iran's next year budget bill sees economic growth at 3%, inflation at 21%|date=29 January 2014|work=Trend|access-date=10 June 2015|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140705180948/http://en.trend.az/capital/business/2235653.html|archive-date=5 July 2014|url-status=live}}</ref> The budget bill permits the government to use more than $35 billion in foreign finance.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://iran-daily.com/1392/9/28/MainPaper/4680/Page/1/|title=Irandaily - No. 4680 - Front page. p. 1|access-date=10 June 2015|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131223210742/http://www.iran-daily.com/1392/9/28/MainPaper/4680/Page/1/|archive-date=23 December 2013|url-status=live}}</ref> [[Capital expenditure]] is set to rise by 9.7%.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.turquoisepartners.com/iraninvestment/IIM-AprMay14.pdf|title=Iran Investment monthly|date=May 2014|website=Turquoisepartners.com|access-date=15 August 2018|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140714131412/http://www.turquoisepartners.com/iraninvestment/IIM-AprMay14.pdf|archive-date=14 July 2014|url-status=live}}</ref> 

The administration has set the goal of 519 trillion rials, (about $20.9 billion) government's income from implementation of the [[Iranian subsidy reform plan|subsidy reform plan]] in budget bill and will be likely forced to double fuel prices.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.azernews.az/analysis/63869.html|title=Iranian government likely forced to double fuel prices|author=AzerNews|work=AzerNews|date=29 January 2014|access-date=10 June 2015|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150608102548/http://www.azernews.az/analysis/63869.html|archive-date=8 June 2015|url-status=live}}</ref> In February 2014, Parliament approved a ''total'' budget bill worth 7,930 trillion rials ($319 billion at the official exchange rate).<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.voanews.com/a/reu-Iranian-parliament-passes-budget-in-win-for-rouhani/1848089.html|title=Iranian Parliament Passes Budget in Win for Rouhani|work=VOA|access-date=10 June 2015|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20141129191850/http://www.voanews.com/content/reu-Iranian-parliament-passes-budget-in-win-for-rouhani/1848089.html|archive-date=29 November 2014|url-status=live}}</ref> The International Monetary Fund has estimated Iran needs an oil price above $130 a barrel to balance its 2015-state budget; Brent crude was below $80 a barrel in November 2014. The IMF estimated in October 2014 that Iran would run a general government deficit of $8.6 billion in 2015, at the official exchange rate, to be compensated by drawing on the [[National Development Fund]].<ref>{{cite web|url=https://finance.yahoo.com/news/iran-draw-sovereign-fund-withstand-152150684.html;_ylt=AwrBEiEvaGhUIzsAwnHQtDMD|title=Iran to draw on sovereign fund to withstand oil price slide|date=15 November 2014|work=Yahoo Finance|access-date=10 June 2015|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180815164249/https://finance.yahoo.com/news/iran-draw-sovereign-fund-withstand-152150684.html;_ylt=AwrBEiEvaGhUIzsAwnHQtDMD|archive-date=15 August 2018|url-status=live}}</ref>

====2015–16====
Iran's 2015 proposed budget is nearly $300 billion. The overall/"total" budget shows a 4% growth compared with the 2014 budget. The budget assumes
that the country exports 1 million barrels per day of crude oil and 0.3 million barrels per day of gas condensates at an average price of $72 per barrel of crude.<ref>[http://www.turquoisepartners.com/iraninvestment/IIM-Jan15.pdf Iran Investment Monthly (January 2015)] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160303231309/http://www.turquoisepartners.com/iraninvestment/IIM-Jan15.pdf |date=3 March 2016 }}. Turquoise Partners. Retrieved 25 February 2015.</ref> The official exchange rate is projected to be on average US$28,500/IRR.<ref name=article2/> Dependency on oil exports in this overall budget bill has dropped to 25% (down from over 30% of government revenues in 2014.){{citation needed|date=July 2021}} The plan is to increase [[Taxation in Iran|taxation on large organizations]] by reducing tax evasion/exemption. The Iranian state is the biggest player in the economy, and the annual budget strongly influences the outlook of [[Industry of Iran|local industries]] and [[Tehran Stock Exchange|the stock market]]. The 2015 budget is not expected to bring much growth for many of the domestic industries.<ref name=article2>{{cite news|title=Iran's Neoliberal Austerity-Security Budget|url=http://www.payvand.com/news/15/feb/1076.html|access-date=21 February 2015|date=16 February 2015|website=Payvand.com|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160821225253/http://www.payvand.com/news/15/feb/1076.html|archive-date=21 August 2016|url-status=live}}</ref><ref>[http://www.turquoisepartners.com/iraninvestment/IIM-Dec14.pdf Iran Investment Monthly (December 2014)] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150226074830/http://www.turquoisepartners.com/iraninvestment/IIM-Dec14.pdf |date=26 February 2015 }}. Turquoise Partners. Retrieved 25 February 2015.</ref> 

An average oil price of $50 for the coming year would result in a deficit of $7.5 billion. The government can lower this deficit by increasing the official exchange rate but this will trigger higher inflation.<ref name =article1>[http://www.turquoisepartners.com/iraninvestment/IIM-Jan15.pdf Iran Investment Monthly (January 2015)] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160303231309/http://www.turquoisepartners.com/iraninvestment/IIM-Jan15.pdf |date=3 March 2016 }}. Turquoise Partners. Retrieved 26 February 2015.</ref> The proposed expenses are $58 billion including $39 billion is salary and pension payments to government employees. Proposed development expenditure amounts to $17 billion.<ref name =article1/> [[Science in Iran#Budget|R&D's share in the GNP]] is at 0.06% (where it should be 2.5% of GDP)<ref>{{Cite web|title=Memorandum of the foreign trade regime of Iran|publisher=[[Ministry of Commerce (Iran)|Ministry of Commerce]]|date=November 2009|url=http://www.irantradelaw.com/wp-content/uploads/2010/03/Irans-Foreign-Trade-Regime-Report.pdf|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110713054415/http://www.irantradelaw.com/wp-content/uploads/2010/03/Irans-Foreign-Trade-Regime-Report.pdf|archive-date=13 July 2011}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=http://tehrantimes.com/index_View.asp?code=248319|title=Govt. favors weaning research from national budget|date=29 July 2015|website=Tehrantimes.com|access-date=15 August 2018|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160610230855/http://tehrantimes.com/index_View.asp?code=248319|archive-date=10 June 2016|url-status=live}}</ref> and [[Science in Iran#Private sector|industry-driven R&D]] is almost non‑existent.<ref name=article2/>

====2016–17====
Proposed government budget is 9.52-quadrillion [[Iranian rial]]s (about 262 billion US dollars).<ref name=TT2/> Assumptions made in the budget are $50 billion in [[Foreign direct investment in Iran|foreign investment]] and foreign loans, 5-6% GDP growth and 11% inflation.<ref name=TT2/> Sixty-five percent of the budget is to be financed through [[Taxation in Iran|taxation]] and the remaining 35% from [[Central Bank of Iran#Oil revenues|oil sales]], based on 2.25 million barrels of oil sales per day, an average [[oil price]] of 40 dollars a barrel and [[Iranian rial#Value|US dollar-Iranian rial exchange rate]] at 29,970.<ref name=TT2>{{cite news|title=Rouhani presents $262b budget bill to Majlis|agency=Tehran Times Social Desk|url=http://tehrantimes.com/index_View.asp?code=252294|date=18 January 2016|access-date=24 January 2016|work=Tehran Times|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160131065735/http://tehrantimes.com/index_View.asp?code=252294|archive-date=31 January 2016|url-status=live}}</ref>

According to the [[Economy of Iran#National planning|sixth five-year development plan]] (2016-2021), the [[Iranian subsidy reform plan|subsidy reform plan]] is to continue until 2021.<ref name=TT2/>

An amendment to the budget was passed in August 2016. This amendment allows the government to issue [[Banking in Iran#Bond market|debt based instruments]] and the use of [[Central Bank of Iran#Foreign reserves|forex reserves]] in an attempt to clear its [[Politics of Iran#External debts|debt to the private sector]], including [[Construction industry of Iran|contractors]], [[Banking and insurance in Iran|banks and insurers]].<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.turquoisepartners.com/media/1244/iim-oct16.pdf|title=Iran Investment monthly|date=October 2016|website=Turquoisepartners.com|access-date=15 August 2018|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170905031409/http://www.turquoisepartners.com/media/1244/iim-oct16.pdf|archive-date=5 September 2017|url-status=live}}</ref>

====2021-22====
{{main|2021–22 Iranian national budget}}

====2022-23====
{{main|2022–23 Iranian national budget}}